National Science Foundation pharmaceutical industry

Carpenter, J. F., Kreilgaard, L., Jones, L. S., Webb, S., Randolph, T. W. Mechanisms of protein stabilization by nonionic surfactants. Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals, presented by National Science Foundation, Industry/University Cooperative Research Center for Pharmaceutical Processing, CPPR, Brownsville, Vermont USA, 1998... 

How large is the job market for chemists in the United States The National Science Foundation (NSF) has compiled data on the number of chemists employed in the chemical industry in general and the number employed in the pharmaceutical industry specifically. The former number has ranged from 80,000 to 90,000, and the latter from 35,000 to 50,000. However, these data are difficult to analyze because the definitions and standards used by the government have changed over the years. 

SOURCES Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, Annual Survey Reports, 1975-91 (Washington, DC PMA, 1978-91). National Science Foundation, Surveys of Science Resources Series, Research and Development in Industry 1987-7988, Detailed Statistical Tables, NSF 89-323 (Washington, DC NSF, 1989, 1990). National Science Foundation, Selected Data on Research and Development in Industry 1990, NSF 92-317, Selected Data Tables (Washington, DC NSF, 1992). 

With respect to other industries, the pharmaceutical industry stands high in the amount of dollars expended for research with respect to its own dollars expended and lack of support from governmental contracts it stands highest. Beyond that, the industry s allocation of 18% of its own funds to innovative, fundamental research is the highest ratio reported for any industry in the United States, according to the National Science Foundation. 

During the next six months the committee Interviewed 350 people representatives from 73 of the 77 medical schools of the United States, from the armed services, the various medical research institutions, the pharmaceutical industry, and philanthropic foundations. Its report,Science, the Endless Frontier Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research by Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, was published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in July, 1945, and was influential in the setting up of the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. 

The pharmaceutical industry interacts with many government bodies and financial communities that influence their activities. In the U.S., the federal government, through the National Institutes of Health and to a lesser extent through the National Science Foundation and Department of Defense, is the major source of investment in basic research directed to the benefit of public health. It dwarfs that of any similar institution in Europe or Japan. The National Institutes of Health (27) research budget is around U.S. 24 billion and the work of the NIH has significantly contributed to advances in the healthcare sciences (1). 

Europe does face problems in staffing its pharmaceutical industry. Given that the most successful research organizations are based in the U.S., there is a general perception that opportunities for career progression may be better in the U.S. than in other countries (42, 43). U.S. industry and academic institutes attract top scientific talent fix)m Europe, Japan, India, China, and the former Soviet Union amongst others. The National Science Foundation has estimated that foreign students account for 40%... 

Several consortia, primarily driven by pharmaceutical industry members and encouraged by health authorities, have been formed to evaluate and qualify safety biomarkers for use in early clinical drug development trials. In the remainder of this manuscript, we will focus on the safety biomarker qualification efforts of the Critical Path Institute s (C-Path) Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC), as well as the PSTC collaborations with the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health s Biomarkers Consortium s (FNIH BC) Kidney Safety Project (KSP) and the Innovative Medicines Initiative s (IMI) Safer and Faster Evidence-based Translation Consortium (SAFE-T). Both of these collaborations are driven by the common goal of modernizing safety science through the qualification of clinical safety biomarkers for use in drug development. 

Commission on Medical Education (1965-1968). He was president of the Chemical Society (1960-1962), of the Society of Chemical Industry (1981-1982), and of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (1969-1970). He was a managing trustee of the Nuffield Foundation (1950-1973) and its Chairman (1973-1979). He was a director of Fisons Ltd. (1963-1978) and a member of the National Research Development Corporation (1968-1976). He was much sought after as a consultant to major chemical and pharmaceutical firms. He was chairman (1980-1988) and later president of the Croucher Foundation in Hong Kong. He was president of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1963-1965). 

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