National Institute for Mental

National Institutes for Mental Health, Bipolar Disorder— http //www.nimh.nih.gov/healthinformation/bipolarmenu.cfm... 

Depression, we are told over and over again, is a brain disease, a chemical imbalance that can be adjusted by antidepressant medication. In an informational brochure issued to inform the public about depression, the US National Institute for Mental Health tells people that depressive illnesses are disorders of the brain and adds that important neurotransmitters - chemicals that brain cells use to communicate - appear to be out of balance . This view is so widespread that it was even proffered by the editors of PLoS [Public Library of Science] Medicine in their summary that accompanied our article. Depression, they wrote, is a serious medical illness caused by imbalances in the brain chemicals that regulate mood , and they went on to say that antidepressants are supposed to work by correcting these imbalances. 

National Institute for Mental Health. (1985) Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Psychopharmacol Bull 21 1077—1080. 

Acknowledgments. We thank Professor R. Mechoulam for a gift of 6a-hydroxy-A -THC, Dr. M.C. Braude of the National Institute for Mental Health for supplies of A -THC and 7-hydroxy-A -THC through the Medical Research Council, and Dr. E.W. Gill for 3 --hydroxy-4 s5 -bisnor-A THC. We are indebted for support by a Programme Research Grant of the Medical Research Council and a grant from the Wellcome Trust. 

Tung, T. M. (1985). Psychiatric care for Southeast Asian patients how different is different In T. Owan, B. Bliatout, K. M. Lin etal, eds., Southeast Asian Mental Health Treatment, Prevention, Services and Research. Rockville, MD National Institute of Mental Health. 

National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Eating Disorders Facts About Eating Disorders and the Search for Solutions ... 

I would also like to thank the Psychology Department at Princeton University and the National Institute of Mental Health for various forms of support which made this project feasible. I owe a special debt of gratitude to Ms. Arlene Kronewitter for her good humor and outstanding secretarial skills. 

Depression, a treatable condition that affects nearly five million seniors, also goes undetected by some healthcare providers. Some healthcare professionals view depression as just part of getting old. Untreated, this illness can have serious, even fatal consequences. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, older Ameri-(40) cans account for a disproportionate share of suicide deaths, making up 18% of suicide deaths in 2000. Healthcare providers could play a vital role in preventing this outcome—several studies have shown that up to 75 % of seniors who die by suicide visited a primary care physician within a month of their death. 

As the hounding continued, Harry at first claimed that the A.D. Little cmtracts were essentially limited to supplying about six pounds of a potent synthetic relative of THC to the National Institutes of Mental Health for 75,000. Dr. Bob Petersen, speaking for NIMH, immediately expressed shock and surprise that anyone might suppose that such a compound could have any military applications. 

Despite the overwhelming evidence for short-term effectiveness, only recently have studies begun to address long-term benefits of stimulant treatments. Prospective randomized controlled trials with durations of 12 to 24 months and doses up to 60 mg/day of MPH have been conducted to address this issue. The largest of these studies, the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)-sponsored Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA Study), showed that stimulants (either by themselves or in combination with behavioral treatments) lead to stable, long-term improvements in ADHD symptoms as long as the medication is taken (MTA Cooperative Group, 1999). 

It is recommended that neurological side effects be monitored carefully throughout the course of antipsychotic treatment. Rating scales can assist in monitoring for EPS and the involuntary movements seen in tardive dyskinesia. These include the Neurological Rating Scale (Simpson and Angus, 1970), the Barnes Akathisia Scale (Barnes, 1989), and the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale ([AIMS] National Institute of Mental Health, 1985). 

The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (NIMH DISC) (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1992) Highly structured interview designed to give DSM-III and III-R diagnoses Available in computerized version Parent Child 9-17... 

Guy, W. (1976) ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology (NIMH Publication No. 76-338). Washington, DC U.S. De-pattment of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Mental Health. 

Mental Health (1999) A Report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Rockville, MD U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. 

National Institute of Mental Health Advisory Council (2001) NIMH Advisory Council Workgroup Report Blueprint for Change Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health. Washington, DC National Institute of Mental Health. 

The idea for the National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH] was born on July 3, 1946, when then-president Harry Truman signed the National Mental Health Act. On April 15, 1 949, NIMH was finally established, becoming a part of the National Institutes of Health [NIH], The mission of NIH is to support biomedical research, which it does by conducting research in its own laboratories as well as by providing funds to scientists at other institutions. There are presently 27 NIH branches, and although considerable overlap exists among these different institutes and centers, NIMH is the main supporter of brain research topics such as neurochemistry. NIMH headquarters is located at the Neuroscience Center Building in Rockville, Maryland, but many of the staff work at the NIH campus in Bethesda, Maryland. 

Preparation of this chapter was supported in part by National Institute of Mental Health Grants MH35636 and MH47739 and by a Young Investigator Award from the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression. 

This work was supported, in part, by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH-45803, the state of Florida, and the state of Connecticut. We thank Donna Epting for her expert assistance. 

It is anticipated that the findings from a National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH)-sponsored study being conducted by investigators at the Medical College of Pennsylvania and Columbia University will shed light on the comparative efficacy of clomipramine plus behavior therapy, clomipramine alone, and behavior therapy alone. Apart from considerations of short-term treatment efficacy, other advantages to the combination of an SRI and behavior therapy may be found. For example, clinical experience suggests that concomitant behavior therapy may decrease the likelihood of... 

This work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant R29-46625 and General Clinical Research Center Grant MOl-00109. The author wishes to thank Robert Lenox, Alexandra Potter, Melissa Piasecki, June Corwin, Christina Conrath, Jennifer Geelmuyden, and Judy Kerr for assistance in performing the studies described in this review, as well as Steven Arneric, Michael Decker, and Edward L.evin, for many helpful suggestions and permission to summarize extensively from their... 

Results of a National Institute of Mental Health collaborative study indicated that antidepressant therapy should not be discontinued before 4-5 symptom-free months have passed (Prien and Kupfer 1986). Most clinicians treat single episodes of depression for a minimum of 6 months. In most cases, antidepressant medication should be continued at the same dose that resulted in remission—hence the saying, what gets you well keeps you well. ... 

The effect size of a continuous variable is frequently expressed as the difference between the mean of the experimental minus the mean of the control group divided by the pooled standard deviation. For example, in Chapter 5, data from the National Institute of Mental Health collaborative study demonstrated that antipsychotic-treated patients averaged a 4.2-point increase on a 6-point improvement scale, whereas the placebo patients averaged only a 2.2-point increase (i.e., an average difference of 2 points). The standard deviation of these data was approximately 1.7, so in effect size units, the improvement was approximately 1.2 (i.e., 2.0 1.7) SD units. For discontinuous data, the effect size for a drug-placebo comparison is usually expressed as the difference between the percent improvement with the experimental drug and the percent improvement with placebo. 

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