Nasal preparations local effect

Ciliotoxic Mucociliary clearance Nasal preparation Local effect Systemic effect Preparation Formulation... 

An allergen preparation has been administered via direct ingestion (oral route) or by so-called mucosal routes nasal, sublingual or oromucosal. This implies that some local effects or local absorption were expected. As a matter of fact, a demonstration of the clinical efficacy of mucosal allergen immunotherapy has been provided, and some hypotheses about its mechanism of action have been formulated [15-19,24-32],... 

The combined effect of (3-CyD with absorption enhancers such as sodium glycocholate or Azone on the nasal absorption of human fibroblast interferon- 3 in powder form in rabbits has been described. HP- 3-CyD was useful as a biocompatible solubilizer for lipophilic absorption enhancers involved in the nasal preparations of peptides.When insuUn was admiifistered nasally to rats, simultaneous use of an oily penetration enhancer, HPE-101, (l-[2-(decylthio)-ethyl]azacyclopentane-2-one) or oleic acid solubilized in HP-(3-CyD showed a marked increase in serum immuno-reactive insulin levels and marked hypoglycemic (Figure 40.11). The potentiation of the enhancing effect of HPE-101 by HP-(3-CyD can be explained by the facilitated transfer of HPE-101 into the nasal mucosa. Studies on the release of membrane proteins and scanifing electron microscopic observations of rat nasal mucosa indicated that the local mucosal damage due to the combination with HP- 3-CyD may not be serious obstacles to their safe use. 

This chapter deals with preparations for nasal administration, with a local or a systemic effect. Classical nasal preparations were always associated with local ailments, but nowadays the interest in the nasal route for systemi-cally acting substances and direct nose to brain delivery is increasing. Fast absorption, the possibility of high blood levels and a patient friendly dosage form are the reasons. Nasal administration of medicines with local effect is the first choice for the treatment of topical nasal disorders. It is also an attractive route for low dose active substances with a systemic effect, such as peptides or benzodiazepines (e.g. midazolam). When compared to parenteral administration nasal administration is more easily applied and causes less risk of infection. 

The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) defines nasal preparations as a liquid, semisolid or solid preparations intended for administration to the nasal cavities to obtain a local or systemic effect. They contain one or more active substances. Nasal preparations are as far as possible non-irritating and do not adversely affect the functions of the nasal mucosa and its cilia. Aqueous nasal preparations... 

Nasal preparations with local effect Nasal preparations with systemic effect... 

Not much is known about the biopharmaceutics of nasal preparations with a local effect. Dosing is done on a therapeutic result basis. What is known is that bioavailabiUty and residence time are influenced by ... 

The application of medicines in the nose usually aims at a local effect (e.g., for decongestion of the mucous membrane of the nose, or to administer anti-allergic medicines). In recent years, it has become clear that the nose can be used as a route for systemic therapy as well. Nose drops and nose sprays are the most commonly used nasal preparations. 

In a small study, a nasal spray preparation of southernwood essential oil was generally well tolerated in adults with allergic rhinitis. Immediately after local nasal administration, all patients reported a slight to moderate nasal stinging sensation that lasted from 5 to 20 s. The sensation was not experienced as unpleasant. During repeated and prolonged use, none of the patients reported untoward effects such as... 

Eye medication is intended for local use on or into the eye. Eye drops and semisolid preparations are usually applied topically, in the lower conjunctival sac. Absorption of active substances into the ocular blood vessels and also into the systemic circulation occurs at the conjunctiva and nasal mucosae. Due to absorption, systemic side effects could appear after instillation. 

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