Nasal cavity disease

It has been postulated that wood dust carcinoma results from a multistep process Exposure causes loss of cilia and hyperplasia of the goblet cells and initiation of cuboidal cell metaplasia, followed (after a quiescent period) by squamous cell metaplasia. Decades later, cellular aplasia leads to nasal adenocarcinoma. The time between first occupational exposure to wood dust and the development of nasal cavity adenocarcinoma averages 40 years. Other cancers, including lung cancer, Hodgkin disease, multiple myeloma, stomach cancer, and colorectal cancer and lymphosarcoma, have been mentioned in relation to wood... 

Respiratory - Upper respiratory tract infection, nasopharyngitis (14%) nasal cavity/sinus disease (6%) sinus headache, lower respiratory tract infection (4%) allergic rhinitis (more than 3%) rhinitis, laryngitis, tracheitis/bronchitis (1% to 3%). 

Patients were ineligible if they had skin prick tests or nasal provocation tests positive to more than one allergen significant diseases or malformations of the nasal cavities such as nasal polyposis, septal deviation, choanal atresia nasal swab positive for bacteria or mycetes, or immunotherapy in the preceding 5 years. 

Mygind, N., and R. Dahl. 1998. Anatomy, physiology and function of the nasal cavities in health and disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 29 3. 

Substances deposited in the nasal cavity that are not readily absorbed are cleared in about 15 to 20 minutes by mucociliary clearance. The mucociliary clearance mechanism affects the absorption of polar drugs that have low permeability across membranes. This defense mecha-nism transports the particles down the throat. Mucociliary clearance can be affected by the drug moiety, formulation, hormones, and disease states.108... 

As well as affecting mucociliary clearance, many nasal diseases including hayfever induce inflammation in the nasal cavity and render the nasal epithelium leakier or more permeable than normal. This would be likely to affect drug absorption but not necessarily in a reproducible manner. 

Temperature-sensitive ts) mutants have proven to be the most useful type of mutants for a number of viruses and bacteria because of their conditional-lethal phenotype. The (ts) mutants are produced by alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a gene so that the resulting protein product of the gene is unable to assume or maintain its functional configuration at the non-permissive (37-39°C) temperature. The protein, however, is able to assume a functional configuration at the permissive temperature (32-34° C), e.g., herpesviruses, adenoviruses, and influenza viruses. Thus, these mutants can replicate in mucosal sites with a lower temperature, e.g., the nasal cavity, but are unable to cause systemic infections and disease. 

The risk of cancer among former chromium smelter workers was found to be significantly increased, despite cessation of exposure. Proportionate cancer mortality ratios (PCMR) for lung cancer were calculated as 1.51 for white men and 1.34 for black men. The PCMR for nasal cavity/ sinus cancer was 5.18 (Rosenman and Stan-bury 1996). However, a group of workers in stainless steel production with low exposure to various forms of chromium did not show clinical changes in the nasal mucosa or symptoms of nasal diseases, except for... 

Uptake via the nasal cavity to the brain, thereby bypassing the blood/brain barrier, can be improved using absorption enhancers and transporters such as chitosan nanoparticles.For example, Vaka and co-workers showed a 14-fold increase in rats in the bioavailability of intranasally administered NGF, a protein for the treatment of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer s, with chitosan compared to the formulation without chitosan. 

Traditional Medicine. Traditionally considered acrid tasting and warming disperses wind and cold san feng han) and clears the nasal cavity. Chinese traditional use records date back 3000 years to the Wu Shi Er Bing Fang (Prescriptions for 52 Diseases, 1065-771 Bc). Used both internally and externally to treat nasal congestion, running nose, the common cold, and headache as well as facial dark spots also used topieally to treat toothache. 

If a major salivary gland is lost from trauma or disease, or if nasal allergies or sinus infections cause persistent mouth-breathing, or if tobacco smoking persists, the oral cavity becomes dry (xerostomia). The oral mucosa and teeth become covered with bacteria and dental caries and periodontal disease become difficult to control. The functions of whole... 

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