Nanotechnology nanoscience and

Nanoscience and technology is a field that focuses on 1) the development of synthetic methods and surface analytical tools for building structures and materials, typically on the sub-100 nanometer scale, 2) the identification of the chemical and physical consequences of miniaturization, and 3) the use of such properties in the development of novel and functional materials and devices. Thus, this field is of greatest interest to handle nanoparticles, nanostructured materials, nanoporous materials, nanopigments, nanotubes, nanoimprinting, quantum dots, and so on and has already led to many innovative applications, particularly in materials science [18, 19]. For basic investigations, an important role is played by manipulation or imaging nanoscale techniques (e.g., AFM and STM). 

Nanoscience and nanotechnology are still in their infancy. At present, new exciting results [20] and, sometimes, disappointments alternate on the scene, as always 

Nanotechnology deals with materials and systems having the following key properties [30]  

Nanotechnology thus refers to techniques that offer the ability to design, synthesize (or manufacture), and control at the length scale below 50 or 100 mn. The emphasis in this definition of scope is design and control , and not only synthesis. Synthesis of materials at nanometer scale has already become routine practice for supported noble metal catalysts after decades of research on the subject. However, there is much room for development to design and control. 

Several important points should be noted in the nanotechnology area  

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In recent years, the interest toward nanocomposites has been intensified in response to increased efforts in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Although materials with the nanoscale-size fillers have been produced in mbber industry for many years, current design of novel nanocomposites,... 

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a set of materials with different structures and properties. They are among the most important materials of modern nanoscience and nanotechnology field. They combine inorganic, organic, bio-organic, coUoidal, and polymeric chemistry and are chemically inert. They are insoluble in any solvent and their chemistry is in a key position toward interdisciphnary applications, for example, use as supports for catalysts and catalytic membranes [20, 21]. 

J. R. Krenn, A. Leitner, and F. R. Aussenegg, Metal nano-optics. In H. Singh Nalwa (ed.), Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Volume 5, pp. 411-419. American Scientihc Publishers, 2004. 

Schenk, R., Hessel, V., Jongen, N., Buscaglia, V., Guillemet-Eritsch, S., Jones, A. G., Nanopowders produced using microreactors, Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, in press (2004). 

What makes metal nanoclusters scientifically so interesting The answer is that they, in many respects, no longer follow classical physical laws as all bulk materials do, but are correctly to be considered by means of quantum mechanics. This is not only valid for metals. In principle any other solid or in some cases even liquid material exhibit so-called nano-effects when reaching a critical size. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are based on those effects. In the course of only 1-2 decades nanosciences and nanotechnology have developed to such an extent that our daily life already is and will be increasingly influenced in a way that cannot be compared with any other technological development in mankind s history [2]. A few examples will help to better understand what is meant. 

I. Contescu, K. Putyera (eds.) Dekker Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 2004, 739. 

This series will cover the wide ranging areas of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. In particular, the series will provide a comprehensive source of information on research associated with nanostructured materials and miniaturised lab on a chip technologies. 

Wang, H. F. et al. (2004) Biodistribution of carbon single-wall carbon nanotubes in mice. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 4 (8), 1019—1024. 

Chen, M., Jiang, J., Zhou, X. and Diao, G. (2008) Preparation of akaganeite nanorods and their transformation tosphere shape hematite. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 8, 3942-3948. 

Ankamwar, B., Damle, C., Ahmad, A. and Sastry, M. (2005) Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Emhlica Officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organic solution. Journal for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 5, 1665-1671. 

Naik, R.R., Brott, L.L., Clarson, S.J. and, Stone, M.O. (2002) Silica-precipitating peptides isolated from a combinatorial phage display peptide library. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2, 95-100. 

Wei, Y., Xu, J., Feng, Q., Lin, M., Dong, H., Zhang, W.-J. and Wang, C. (2001) A novel method for enzyme immobilization direct encapsulation of add phosphatase in nanoporous silica host materials. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 1, 83-93. 

Boissiere, M., Allouche, J., Brayner, R., Chaneac, C., Livage, J. and Coradin, T. Design of iron oxide/silica/alginate HYbrid MAgnetic Carriers (HYMAC). Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, in press. 

Au, Ag, Pd and Pt nanopartides via an enzyme-mediated route. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,... 

Lebeau, B., Brendle, J., Marichal, C., Patil, A.J., Muthusamy, E. and Mann, S. (2006) One-step synthesis of hybrid organic-inorganic phyllosilicate-like materials. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 6, 352-359. 

Controlled formation of three-dimensional functional devices in silica makes the hybrid membrane materials presented here of interest for the development of a new supramolecular approach to nanoscience and nanotechnology through self-organization, towards systems of increasing behavioral and functional addressabilities (catalysis, optical and electronic applications, etc.). 

Miyazaki, T., Ohtsuki, C. and Tanihara, M. (2003) Synthesis of bioactive organic-inorganic nano-hybrid for bone repair through sol-gel processing. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 3, 511-515. 

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