Prussian Blue nanoparticles

Zboril R, Machala L, Mashlan M, Sharma V (2004) Iron(III) oxide nanoparticles in the thermally induced oxidative decomposition of prussian blue, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3. Cryst Growth Design 4(6) 1317-1325... 

Zhao et al. prepared magnetite (FesO nanoparticles modified with electroactive Prussian Blue [44]. These modified NPs were drop-cast onto glassy-carbon electrodes. They observed the redox processes commonly observed for PB (similar to that seen in Figure 4.8), and also demonstrated that the Prussian White material produced by PB reduction at 0.2 V served as an electrocatalyst for Fi202 reduction. They also prepared LbL films in which PB NPs and glucose oxidase were alternated between PD DA layers [99]. These were demonstrated to act as electrocatalysts for Fi202 reduction. Based on the ability to sense the product of the enzymatic reaction, these structures were shown to act as glucose sensors. 

Figure 8.12 Schematic illustration of the layer-by-layer deposition on an Au electrode initially with positively charged poly(diallydimethylammonium) chloride (PDDA) and negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). Subsequent depositions entailed (I) PDDA-modified Prussian blue nanoparticles (P-PB), followed by (II) negatively charged glucose oxidase (GOx).55 (Reprinted with permission from W. Zhao et al., Langmuir 2005, 21, 9630-9634. Copyright 2005 American Chemical Society.) (See color insert.)...

Semiconductor and metallic nanoparticles have been extensively studied as active components in wide variety of basic research and technological applications due to their new or improved optical, electric, and magnetic properties compared to their bulk counterparts [1]. Therefore, exploitation of well-known materials in their new nanosized forms is strongly motivated area of research. Prussian Blue [2], an old pigment, is a coordination polymer formed by reaction of either hexacyanoferrate(II) anions with ferric (Fe(III)) cations, or hexacyanoferrate(III) anions with ferrous (Fe(II)) cations [3], According to X-... 

Dry powder of the Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB3, 15 nm) was compacted by epoxy glue. The magnetization measurements were performed in a SQUID magnetometer (MPSM - Quantum Design). 

The critical temperature (Tc) where Prussian Blue nanoparticles turn to a ferromagnetic compound was found to be 5.1 K that is slightly less then the value for the bulk PB (5.5 K). This result is qualitatively consistent with... 

Prussian Blue nanoparticles are in the close contact with the nanotube surface that would be helpful for efficient charge injection from CNTs-based electrodes into the PB... 

Xue, M. H., Xu, Q., Zhou, M. and Zhu, J. J. (2006), In situ immobilization of glucose oxidase in chitosan-gold nanoparticle hybrid film on prussian blue modified electrode for high-sensitivity glucose detection. Electrochem. Commun., 8(9) 1468-1474. 

PB and its derivatives are of interest for a variety of reasons, the most important of which is its electrochromism [93]. In addition, it is an electrocatalyst for several different types of substrates, notably hydrogen peroxide, as will be seen below. Synthesis of nanoparticles of Prussian Blue is relatively straightforward. It relies on many ofthe principles of colloid chemistry, and produces ionically stabilized colloidal solutions (Figure 4.7). As a consequence, the electrochemical behavior of P B N Ps has been examined by several groups. In this section, we discuss the behavior of PB NPs immobilized at electrodes. 

FIGURE 19.9 Cu aud CuFe Prussian Blue nanoparticles have been prepared using a Cu(II) loaded apoferritin as a chemically and spatially confined environment for their construction, (from Galvez et at, 2005. Copyright 2005 with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry.)... 

Galvez, N., Sanchez, P., Dominguez-Vera, J. M. (2005). Preparation of Cu and CuFe Prussian Blue derivative nanoparticles using the apoferritin cavity as nanoreactor. Dalton Trans., 7, 2492—2494. 

Uemura, T.,Ohba,M. and Kitagawa, S. (2004) Size and surface effects of Prussian blue nanoparticles protected by organic polymers. Inorg. Chem., 43, 7339-7345. 

Taguchi, M., Yamada, K., Suzuki, O., Sato, O. and Einaga, Y. (2005) Photoswitchable magnetic nanoparticles of Prussian blue with amphiphilic azobenzene. Chem. Mater., 17, 4554-4559. 

Several other examples of conducting-polymer/metal oxide nanocomposite materials also exist for chemical sensing of a range of analytes, including humidity [58,59], NO2, [60,61], CO and H2 [60], and H2O2 [62]. This latter example employed the use of Prussian blue, which is an iron complex with excellent catalytic properties, particularly towards O2 and H2O2. Miao et al. [62] stabilized nanoparticles of Prussian blue with polymerization of a PANI shell to form a Prussian blue/PANI core-shell composite. 

PNMA, poly(N-methylaniline) PANI, poly(aniline) PEDOT, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene PSS, poly(styrene-sulfonate), PPy, poly(pyrrole) PEO, poly(ethylene oxide) DBSA, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid CSA, camphor sulfonic acid PTSA, poly(o-toluene sulfonic acid) PFOA, perfluoro-octanolc acid TSA, toluene sulfonic acid CNF, carbon nanofiber SWCNT, single-walled carbon nanotube NP, nanoparticle MWCNT, multiwalled carbon nanotube PTh, poly(thlphene) CNT, carbon nanotube POA, poly(o-anisidine) SPANI, poly(anilinesulfonlcacld) PB, Prussian Blue DAB, 1,2-diamino benzene POEA, poly(o-ethoxyanlllne) PMMA, poly(methyl methacrylate). 

Layered composite films can be directly prepared by alternate deposition or vacuum filtration of the mixed dispersions of both components. For instance, PANl/Prussian blue composite films have been fabricated using layer-by-layer assembly of the polycation PANI and a negatively ionized Prussian blue nanoparticle dispersion (DeLongchamp and Hammond, 2004). The resultant organic/inorganic nanocomposites exhibited good smoothness and a classical linear increase in film thickness with assembly steps. In... 

More recently, Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB-NPs) were found to catalyze the electrochemical reduction of H2O2 when immobilized in the form of layers on ITO electrodes [14]. The application of PB-NPs as catal3Aic labels for highly sensitive detection of DNA hybridization was also reported based on their catal3Aic effect toward H2O2 when embedded in polystyrene spheres and loaded onto a gold-disk electrode [45]. 

Song, Z., Yuan, R.,et al. Multilayer structured amperometric immunosensor based on gold nanoparticles and Prussian blue nanopaiticlesAianocomposite functionalized interface. Electrochimica Acta,55(5), 1778-1784 (2010). 

Kulys J, Stupak R (2008) Glucose biosensor based on chitosan-gold and Prussian blue-gold nanoparticles. Open Nanosci J 2 34—38... 

MultimetaUic alloy nanoparticle cores, obtained by in situ decomposition of a Prussian blue analogue, e.g., PtML/AuNi0.5Fe, show a remarkable Pt mass activity as 1.38 A/mgpt... 

A different approach to the synthesis of nanosized macromolecules through hierarchical self-assembly is based on Layer-by-Layer (LbL) chemistry. LbL allows the deposition of ultra thin films whose thickness can be controlled by the chemical structure of the molecules and number of deposited layers. The interactions between layers can be ionic, covalent, hydrogen-bonding, and charge-transfer, depending upon the nature of the polymer used in the preparation.The layer-by-layer assembly of an electroactive polymer nanocomposite thin film of cationic linear poly(ethyleneimine) and Prussian Blue nanoparticles, has been exploided... 

---