Nanobubble

Attard P (2003) Nanobubbles and the hydrophobic attraction. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 104 75-91... 

Borkent BM, Dammer SM, Schonherr H, Vancso GJ, Lohse D (2007) Superstability of surface nanobubbles. Phys Rev Lett 98 204502... 

Figure 14.24 Fluorescent silica nanobubbles have been created using gold nanoparticle seeds that initially are coated by adsorption with a fluorescent dye. The particles then are capped by a layer of silica by polymerizing TEOS and entrapping the dye molecules within it. Finally, the gold core is dissolved by reaction with cyanide, leaving behind hollow fluorescent silica nanobubbles.

The concept of nanobubbles on surfaces in oxygen saturated water produced the evidence to suggest that a Pt/Au nanorod forms nanobubbles on the gold surface. Therefore, the gold surface can be made hydrophobic in situ. The surface of the platinum is irrelevant because the gradient is not established over the platinum segment. This final piece of evidence was used to explain the direction of movement observed. 

Another approach to tissue oxygenation, which consists of administering an aqueous suspension of O2 nanobubbles osmotically stabilized by a volatile PFC (e.g., F-pentane) and a fluorinated surfactant, appears promising. Experimental proof of efficacy for this system includes survival of erythrocyte-depleted rats and pigs, and of pigs with potentially lethal hemorrhagic shock and with severe right-to-left shunt [33],... 

How would you eliminate the presence of nanobubbles on Au surface during AFM imaging Why is the presence of such adsorbates problematic for SPM studies (hint see Langmuir 2003, 19, 10510). 

Figure 11.4 Fluorescence emission intensity of Eu-TDPA-doped Ag Si02 and Rhodamine 800-doped Ag Si02 and from the corresponding fluorescent nanobubbles (control samples), Eu-TDPA-doped SiC>2 and Rhodamine 800-doped Si02. The diameter of the Ag nanoparticle core is 130 10 nm and the thickness of the shell is 11 1 nm (optimized) for all the samples. Reprinted with permission from reference [24]. (2007) Amoican Chemical Society.

Nanobubble Cleaning Utilizing Dispersion Effects of Fluid... 

Zhang XH, Maeda N, Craig VS (2006) Physical properties of nanobubbles on hydro-phobic surfaces in water and aqueous solutions. Langmuir 22 5025-5035... 

Key words Liposomes, Nanobubbles, Gene delivery. Ultrasound, Noninvasive, Nonviral vector... 

Then, perfluoropropane was entrapped within lipids like micelles. In addition, the lipid nanobubbles were encapsulated within liposomes. To confirm the structure of BLs, we observed BLs with transmission electron microscope. Interestingly, BLs had nanobubbles into lipid bilayer. Therefore, we called this Bubble liposome because of this structure. This structure of BLs was different from that of conventional microbubbles and nanobubbles which had lipid monolayer. 

Figure 3.99. Schematic presentation of multifunctional nanoclinics. (a) The TP dye ASPI-SH coated on Fe203 is encapsulated in a silica nanobubble. On the surface, a spacer molecule and the targeting agent (LH-RH) are attached, (b) High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction prove the structure of the nanoclinic. The bar represents 5 nm. (From Ref. [192] with permission of Kluwer Academic Publishers.)...

Cho, S.H. et al.. Ultrasonic formation of nanobubbles and their zeta-potentials in aqueous elech olyte and surfactant solutions. Colloids Surf. A, 269, 28, 2005. 

Steitz, R., Gutberlet, T., Hauss, T., Klosgen B., Krastev, R., Schemmel, S., Simonsen, A.C., and Eindenegg, G.H. Nanobubbles and their precursor layer at the interface of water against a hydrophobic substrate, Langmuir, 19, 2409, 2003. 

The formation of bubbles at sohd surfaces has also been studied with the QCM technique, hi [121] a non-hnear dependence of Af/p on (rjp) - was interpreted as the result of the presence of nanobubbles on the surface. However, it should be noted that the observed dependencies could be also explained using the concept of mifltiscale roughness discussed above (see... 

The above discussion shows that existing literature contains arguments, both theoretical and experimental, in favor as well as against the presence of nanobubbles at the metal/liquid interface. Many more targeted experiments and theoretical works are required to clarify this issue. 

Ultrasonic Tumor Imaging and Targeted Chemotherapy by Nanobubbles... 

A recent simulation using molecular dynamics has evaluated the creation of pores in lipid bilayer membranes by inducing shock waves in a system containing an array of nanobubbles next to those membranes [100]. This model shows that the extent of damage depends on the orientation of the bubbles relative to the shock wave direction as well as the distance between the bubbles. The argument may, in principle, be extrapolated to the context of cavitation-induced microbubbles. However, the authors used a simplified bubble system which did not contain any water vapour molecules, but did include specific bubble alignment to the membrane. Simulations thus point to temporary lipid bilayer disruption under such conditions. This disruption would then be recovered after the damage, which contrasts with the permanent alteration that cavitation creates in solid surfaces. 

Santo KP, Berkowitz ML (2014) Shock wave induced collapse of arrays of nanobubbles located next to a lipid membrane coarse-grained computer simulations. J Phys Chem B. doi 10.1021/jp505720d... 

Encapsulation is the process of obtaining small solid nanoparticles, liquid nanodroplets or gas nanobubbles with a polymeric coating. We will give a historic account of some of the early work on encapsulating inorganic pigments and fillers with a polymer through (mini)emulsion polymerization. 

Gonzalez, M.G., Liu, X., Niessner, R., Haisch, C., 2010. Strong size-dependent photoacoustic effect on gold nanoparticles by laser-induced nanobubbles. J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 1741041-1741043. 

Nanobubble assisted nanopatterning. If no efforts are taken to remove the gases dissolved, nanobubbles appear on hydrophobic surfaces after inmersion in aqueous media. The interaction of the nanobubbles with the hydrophobic surface can induce surface reconstruction [124]. Thus, the presence of nanobubbles can be employed to form different surface morphologies. For instance, short exposure times to aqueous solutions (several seconds) appear to be enough to create patterns on glassy polymers as polystyrene [11]. This process is described in Chap. 12. 

Nanobubble assisted nanopatteming Interfacial tension Nanograins, net-like nanopattems Few tens of nanometers (below 50 nm in some cases) Surface pattern obtained in seconds [11, 182]... 

Tarabkova, H., Janda, P. Nanobubble assisted nanopatteming utilized for ex situ identification of surface nanobubbles. J. Phys. Condensed Matter. 25(18), 184001 (2013)... 

Agrawal, A., Park, J., Ryu, D.Y., Hammond, P.T., Russell, T.P., McKinley, G.H. Ctmtrolling the location and spatial extent of nanobubbles using hydrophobically nanopattemed surfaces. Nano Lett. 5(9), 1751-1756 (2005)... 

Janda, P., Frank, O., Bastl, Z., Klementova, M., Tarabkova, H., Kavan, L. Nanobubble-assisted formation of carbon nanostructures tm basal plane highly mdcaed pyrolytic graphite exposed to aqueous media Nanotechnology 21(9), 095707 (2010)... 

Darwich, S., Mougin, K., Vidal, L., Gnecco, E., Haidara, H. Nanobubble and nanodroplet template growth of particle nanorings versus nanoholes in drying nanofluids and polymer films. Nanoscale 3(3), 1211-1217 (2011)... 

Fig. 11.1 (a) Craitact-mode AFM deflection images of PS in water. The presence of nanobubbles is obsCTved. Occasionally the bubbles are removed by the effect of the tip only a portion of the nanobubble appears in the image white arrows), (b) Schematic representation of a nanobubble in a water/polymer interface. The contact angle 0 is determined by the equilibrium between the horizontal forces in the triple solid-liquid-vapor contact line liquid-vapor 71.v, solid-liquid 75.1, and solid-vapor 75. interfacial tensions. The vertical component of the liquid-vapor interfacial tension, 71. sin(0), is equilibrated by a deformation of the substrate, as described in the text... 

---