Nano-machines

Section I reviews the new concepts and applications of nanotechnology for catalysis. Chapter 1 provides an overview on how nanotechnology impacts catalyst preparation with more control of active sites, phases, and environment of actives sites. The values of catalysis in advancing development of nanotechnology where catalysts are used to facilitate the production of carbon nanotubes, and catalytic reactions to provide the driving force for motions in nano-machines are also reviewed. Chapter 2 investigates the role of oxide support materials in modifying the electronic stmcture at the surface of a metal, and discusses how metal surface structure and properties influence the reactivity at molecular level. Chapter 3 describes a nanomotor driven by catalysis of chemical reactions. 

MNT could also be used to develop nano-machines or nanobots such as nano-photosynthesizers, nano-chlorophylls, and nano-carbon-fixers [31-33]. Powered by cheap solar energy, these nanobots could be manipulated to extract all of the 300 billion tons of excess C02 from atmosphere, and then to transform them into valuable materials. The carbon extracted by nanobots could be used to synthesize functional and structural materials [114, 118, 119, 124]. They could also be extracted by other nanobots and further synthesized into sugar, starch, and cellulose to supplement the demand for food, and paper. This could relieve the pressure exerted on farmland and forest. 

For further discussion of fungal PKS genes Cox RI. Polyketides, proteins and genes in Fungi programmed nano-machines begin to reveal their sectors. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2007 5 2010-2026... 

Formation of soft nano-machines CREST 1-3 Yamadaoka Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan yanagidaSphys1.med. osaka-u.ac.jp http //WWW.phys1.med. osaka-u.ac.jp/... 

Abstract. Electroanalytical methods are highly compatible with micro- and nano-machining technology and have the potential of invasive but non-destmctive cell analysis. In combination with optical probes and imaging techniques, electroanalytical methods show great potential for the development of multi-analyte detection systems to monitor in real-time cellular dynamics. 

P. McKeown, From micro- to nano-machining - towards the nanometre era, Sensor Review, 16(2), 4-10 (1996). 

Modern analytical chemists may not understand how far-sighted the Swedish chemist Berzelius was when he wrote, in the 19th century, concerning the mission of the analyst not to obtain results that are absolutely exact—which I consider only to be obtained by accident—but to approach as near accuracy as chemical analysis can go. No amount of modern nano-machines, spectrometers, or expensive instruments will overcome this statement of a universal truth. We can minimize the uncertainties associated with measurement. We can estimate the uncertainties, but the absolutely exact results lie permanently beyond our grasp. 

Shinno H, Yoshioka H, Taniguchi K (2007) A newly developed linear motor-driven aerostatic X-Y planar motion table system for nano-machining. Ann CIRP 56(l) 369-372... 

Merkle (5) conveniently divided molecular- and nano-scale simulations into two categories - those which rely on force-field based molecular-mechanics methods (no explicit electronic information) which are utilized for modeling nano-machines, and those that are quantum based, which are suitable for nano-electronic components and devices. Force field methods have been enq)loyed to simulate numerous nano-mechanical phenomena and conq)onents including Drexler-Merkle gears and neon pumps (6), carbon nanotube based gears (7), atomic-scale friction (8) and semiconductor nanostructures (9). 

Micro- and Nano-Machining by Ultrashort Voltage Pulsing Technigue I 17... 

Includes machining processes other than grinding, such as lapping, ultrasonic machining, and nano-machining... 

The second quantum revolution as lliis continuing further development of quantum physical thinking is called by Alain Aspect, one of the pioneers in this field one expects a deeper imderstanding of quantum physics itself but also applications in engineering. There is already the term quantum engineering which describes scientific activities to apply particle wave duality or entanglement for practical purposes, for example, nano-machines, quantum computers, etc. [8, 9] (Fig. 6.1). 

Meanwhile, as the basic components of micro mechanical system, nanostructures loaded show different mechanical response compared with macrostructures. Due to size effects, surface effects, and interface effects of nanostructures, properties of nanomaterials are enhanced, and nanoscale research has been an area of active research over the past decades. Many researchers use MD numerical simulation to investigate the physical mechanism of nanostructures by atomic motion in detail and have a rapid progress in recent years [10-21I. Most of those studies mainly concentrated on materials with free defects or artificial defects, however, as a matter of fact, a variety of defects can be generated in nano components during nanomachining process. Therefore, it is greatly important to have a suitable description of the material properties of nano-machined components. In this chapter, in order to find a better way to predict the material properties of microstructures, we established the model of real nanostructure with defect, and conduct the integrated MD... 

With the development of the electronic industry, copper has been one of the important materials in many fields such as electrical interconnects, and in the past decade, which has been of significant interest to many researchers I22-27].ln our simulations of nano-machining and nanostructures, we also considered the monocrystalline copper and pyramid rigid diamond as the workpiece and tool, respectively, as shown in Fig.l. The initial atomic configuration of the workpiece material is created from the face-centred cubic (FCC) copper lattice and the tool is tri-pyramid diamond tip with a rake angle of -60°. The atoms of workpiece are divided two parts. The upper part of workpiece is made of the 36 layers newtonial atoms and the atoms of surfaces are free, while the bottom of workpiece is made of the 4 layers boundary atoms and atoms are fixed in space at the process of scratching. The sizes of slab at x[l 0 0], y[0 1 0] and z[0 0 1] direction are 30, 17 and 18ao, where ao is the equilibrium lattice constant (for FCC Cu, ao = 362 nm). 

Mechanism of Nano-Machining and Mechanical Behavior of Nanostructure... 

Pennadam, S. S. (2004) Protein-polymer nano-machines. Towards synthetic control of biological processes. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2,8. 

We are here, in this short review, interested in the mechanical behavior of a single polypeptide chain, especially when it is in helical conformations because there are many cases where it is acting as an important structural and functional element of protein based bio-structures and would provide a molecular-size coil springs as an important molecular device in future nano-machines. 

Lehier C, Frey L, Petersen S, Sulzbach T, Ohlsson O, Dziomba T, Danzebrink HU, Ryssel H. Fabrication of silicon aperture probes for scanning near-field optical microscopy by focused ion beam nano machining. Microelectron Eng 2001 57-8 721-728. 

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