Nano doping

Fig. 1. Ejqjerimental apparatus for preparation of nano sized nitrogen doped Ti02 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...

A careful investigation of this feature suggests that it is attributable to N02 associated with both Bronsted acid and M+ cations [29]. The doublet at 1400 cm is identical in position and appearance to that observed in a sample of Na-Y doped with NaNOs [30]. We therefore assign this peak to a NO3- species affiliated with the residual sodium in the catalyst. The position of the band at 1528 cm- is very similar to that for nitrito species in Co-A and Co-Y [22, 23] and is, therefore, assigned to Co-ONO. The features at 1599, and 1574 cm- are best assigned to C0-O2NO [30]. The band at 1633 cm- is similar to that observed on H-, Na-, and Cu-ZSM-5. We believe that this feature is best assigned to nitrito (NO2) or nitrate (NO3-) species. 

M., Horiuchi, S., Tanaka, N., Tanigaki, N. and Hiraga, T. (2003) Addition of functional characteristics of organic photochromic dye to nano-structures by selective doping on a polymer surface. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 42, L983-L985. 

George, S. et al. (2010) Use of a rapid cytotoxicity screening approach to engineer a safer zinc oxide nanoparticle through iron doping. ACS Nano, 4 (1), 15-29. 

Carrero-Sanchez, J.C. et al. (2006) Biocompatibility and toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes doped withnitrogen. Nano Letters, 6 (8), 1609-1616. 

Xie, Y., Yin, S., Hashimoto, T., Kimura.H. and Sato, T. (2009) Microwave-hydrothermal synthesis of nano-sized Sn2+-doped BaTi03 powdersand dielectric properties of corresponding ceramics obtained byspark plasma sintering method. Journal of Materials Science, 44, 4834—4839. 

Burunkaya, E., Kesmez, O., Kiraz, N., Camurlu, H.E., Asiltuerk, M. and Arpac, E. (2010) Sn4+ or Ce3+ doped Ti02 photocatalytic nanometric films on antireflective nano-Si02 coated glass. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 120, 272-276. 

Sobana, N., Muruganadham, M. and Swaminathan, M. (2006) Nano-Ag particles doped Ti02 for efficient photodegradation of direct azo dyes. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 258, 124-132. 

Fan, C., Xue, P. and Sun, Y. (2006) Preparation of nano-Ti02 doped with cerium and its photocatalytic activity. Journal of Rare Earths, 24, 309—313. 

Venkatachalam, N., Palanichamy, M., Arabindoo, B. and Murugesan, V. (2007) Enhanced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol by Zr4 + doped nano Ti02. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A Chemical, 266, 158-165. 

A continuous cross-flow filtration process has been utilized to investigate the effectiveness in the separation of nano sized (3-5 nm) iron-based catalyst particles from simulated Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalyst/wax slurry in a pilot-scale slurry bubble column reactor (SBCR). A prototype stainless steel cross-flow filtration module (nominal pore opening of 0.1 pm) was used. A series of cross-flow filtration experiments were initiated to study the effect of mono-olefins and aliphatic alcohol on the filtration flux and membrane performance. 1-hexadecene and 1-dodecanol were doped into activated iron catalyst slurry (with Polywax 500 and 655 as simulated FT wax) to evaluate the effect of their presence on filtration performance. The 1-hexadecene concentrations were varied from 5 to 25 wt% and 1-dodecanol concentrations were varied from 6 to 17 wt% to simulate a range of FT reactor slurries reported in literature. The addition of 1-dodecanol was found to decrease the permeation rate, while the addition of 1-hexadecene was found to have an insignificant or no effect on the permeation rate. 

Stouwdam JW, van Veggel F (2002) Near-infrared emission of redispersible Er3+, Nd3+, and Ho3+ doped LaF3 nanoparticles. Nano Lett 2 733-737... 

Altinoglu El, Russin TJ, Kaiser JM, Barth BM, Eklund PC, Kester M, Adair JH (2008) Near-infrared emitting fluorophore-doped calcium phosphate nanoparticles for in vivo imaging of human breast cancer. ACS Nano 2 2075-2084... 

PCR product [192]. The dye-doped polymer nanoparticles [13], silica nanoparticles [14] and nano-size all-dye aggregates [15] are overviewed in other chapters of this book. 

Many commercially important polymers are produced via emulsion polymerization. This is also one of the most common methods to produce dye-doped beads. A dye is added to the mixture of monomers prior to initiating the polymerization and is either noncovalently entrapped or is copolymerized. The second method ensures that no leaching will occur from the particle but requires modification of the dye (typically by providing it with a double bond). This method is most common for preparation of pH-sensitive beads where a pH indicator is entrapped inside cross-linked polyacrylamide particles. The size of the beads can be tuned over a wide range so that preparation of both nano- and microbeads is possible. Despite thorough washing the surfactants are rather difficult to remove completely and their traces can influence the performance of some biological systems. 

As can be summarized from this survey dye-doped beads represent very versatile analytical tools which are applied in various fields of science and technology. The size of the particles is of the utmost importance here. The smallest beads are mostly designed for intracellular monitoring of analytes and much larger beads are often used in composite materials and sensor arrays. Sensing schemes for optical che-mosensors are established and are similarly realized on nano- and microscale. 

Gouanve F, Schuster T, Allard E, Meallet-Renault R, Larpent C (2007) Fluorescence quenching upon binding of copper ions in dye-doped and ligand-capped polymer nanoparticles a simple way to probe the dye accessibility in nano-sized templates. Adv Funct Mater 17 2746-2756... 

Carrero-Sanchez JC, Elias AL, Mancilla R, Arrellin G, Terrones H, Laclette JP, Terrones M (2006). Biocompatibility and toxicological studies of carbon nanotubes doped with nitrogen. Nano Lett. 6 1609-1616. 

Endohedral doping (encapsulation) of other materials within carbon nanostructures can be carried out by nano-capillary effects or during synthesis (Fig. 4.3(b)). A great variety of halides, oxides, metals and alloys have been encapsulated within CNTs [36-41]. When transition metals are encapsulated, the entire sample can exhibit high magnetic coercivities ca. 0.22 T [42,43]. The encapsulation of C60 molecules can also be accomplished and if the material is heat treated at high temperatures... 

R. Czerw, M. Terrones, J.-C. Charlier, X. Blase, B. Foley, R. Kamalakaran, N. Grobert, H. Terrones, D. Tekleab, P. M. Ajayan, W. Blau, M. Ru2hle, D. L. Carroll, Identification of electron donor states in N-doped carbon nanotubes, Nano Lett., vol. 1, pp. 457-460, 2001. 

J. Campos-Delgado, I. 0. Maciel, D. A. Cuiien, D.J. Smith, A. Jorio, M. A. Pimenta, H. Terrones, M. Terrones, Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of N-, P-, and Si-doped singie-waiied carbon nanotubes, ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 1696-1702, 2010. 

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