NAMING SOME INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

The rules for naming compounds are determined by the Committee on Inorganic Nomenclature of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The names and formulas of a few organic compounds were given in Table 2-1, and more s) -tematic rules for naming them will appear in Chapter 23. 

A binary compound consists of two elements it may be either ionic or molecular. The rule is to name the less electronegative element first and the more electronegative element second. The more electronegative element wiU have a negative oxidation state and is named by adding an -ide suffix to the element s unambiguous stem. Stems for the non-metals follow. 

Binary ionic compounds contain metal cations and nonmetal anions. The cation is 

CaCb calcium chloride BajNj barium nitride 

The preceding method is sufficient for naming binary ionic compounds containing metals that exhibit only one oxidation state other than zero (see Section 6-3). Most transition metals and the metals of Groups 3A (except Al), 4A, and 5A exhibit more than one oxidation state. These metals may form two or more binary compounds with the same non-metal. To distinguish among all the possibilities, the oxidation state of the metal is 

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The vocabulary in this edition contains an estimated total of 59,000 terms, some of the larger additions being in the fields of chemical technology, electronics, and warfare. Additional meanings are given for many terms that were listed in the earher editions, The latest decisions in nomenclature are followed in particular, the Stock valence names for inorganic compounds are freely given, as well as the older names. 

This overview covers some of the rules for naming simple inorganic compounds. There are additional rules, and some exceptions to these rules. The first part of this overview discusses the rules for deriving a name from a chemical formula. In many cases, the formula may be determined from the name by reversing this process. The second part examines situations in which additional information is needed to generate a formula from the name of a compound. The transition metals present some additional problems therefore, there is a section covering transition metal nomenclature and coordination compounds. 

Not only are some inorganic compounds named using the kappa convention, others augment this kappa convention with a "priming" convention [49], All of these are, similarly, made obsolete by the proposed system. For example, the ion illustrated in Figure 25, which IUPAC names as aqua[(l,2-ethanediyldinitrilo-K2N,N ) (tetraacetato-K30,0",0 " )]cobaltate (1-) would be named as ... 

So far, we have identified coordination compounds only by their chemical formulas, but names are also useful for many purposes. Some substances were named before their structures were known. Thus, K3[Fe(CN)g] was called potassium fer-ricyanide, and K4[Fe(CN)g] was potassium ferrocyanide [these are complexes of Fe (ferric) and Fe (ferrous) ions, respectively]. These older names are still used conversationally but systematic names are preferred to avoid ambiguity. The definitive source for the naming of inorganic compounds is Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry-IUPAC Recommendations 2005 (N. G. Connelly and T. Damhus, Sr., Eds. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005). 

Most of the compounds in Tables 5.3.2.1 and 5.3.2.3 are organic compounds, but some inorganic compounds are peroxides and peroxide-formers. An easy rule of thumb is that most compounds that have per- in the name are chemicals that warrant close examination in terms of reactivity and stability. (The exceptions to this rule are compounds that use per- as a prefix indicating fully substituted, as in perchloroethylene. )... 

D.1 Names of Cations D.2 Names of Anions D.3 Names of Ionic Compounds D.4 Names of Inorganic Molecular Compounds D.5 Names of Some Common Organic Compounds... 

A mineral is a naturally occurring, crystalline inorganic compound with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure. Minerals are commonly named to honor a person, to indicate the geographic area where the mineral was discovered, or to highlight some distinctive chemical, crystallographic, or physical characteristic of the substance. Each mineral sample has some obvious properties color, shape, texture, and perhaps odor or taste. However, to determine the precise composition and crystal structure necessary to accurately identify the species, one or several of the following techniques must be employed optical, x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and chemical and spectral analyses. 

A general reference often consulted today for the physical and chemical properties of common chemicals is Lange s Handbook of Chemistry (Dean 1999), which lists many chemical compounds and their most important properties. It is organized into separate chapters of Physical constants of organic molecules with 4300 compounds and Physical constants of inorganic molecules, and lists each compound alphabetically by name. Some of these properties are very sensitive to temperature, but less sensitive to pressure, and they are listed as tables, or more compactly as equations of the form /(T) for example, liquid heats of evaporation, heat capacities of multi-atom gases, vapor pressures over liquids, liquid and solid solubilities in liquids, and liquid viscosities. Some of these properties are sensitive both to temperature and pressure. 

The data in Table 2 provide some guidance as to which of the arylpentazoles have a good chance of being isolatable, namely those listed in Table 3 (58CB2324). The main problem in the preparation and purification of arylpentazoles is to find conditions under which they do not decompose, but can be separated from the contaminating aryl azides and inorganic compounds. The best system found for the isolation of the arylpentazoles was the two-phase combination of aqueous methanol and petroleum ether at -40 to -20 °C. 

Organic (and some inorganic) ligands are frequently named with older trivial names rather than with lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) names. The lUPAC names are more correct, but trivial names and abbreviations are still commonly used. Tables 9-2, 9-3, and 9-4 list some of the common ligands. Ligands with two or more points of attachment to metal atoms are called chelating ligands, and the compounds are called chelates (pronounced key-lates), a name derived from the... 

Because it is not the case that every line represents exactly two electrons in a drawing of an organometallic or inorganic compound, it follows that the curved-arrow convention for showing the movement of electrons cannot be applied unambiguously when reaction mechanisms inolving transition metals are drawn. For this reason, in mechanisms involving transition metals, the name of each individual mechanistic step (insertion, transmetallation, oxidative addition, etc.) is indicated in place of curved arrows. You may use curved arrows to show electron movement in some steps if you wish, but it is more important for you to name every step. 

The lUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, an organization that formulates naming rules. Organic compounds contain carbon, and they have a separate system of nomenclature, but some of the simplest molecules containing carbon also fall within the scope of inorganic chemistry. 

The common acids are other examples of inorganic compounds that are known by common rather than formal names. Some names of common acids and bases that you will use frequently in chemistry laboratory experiments are listed in Table 5.7. Although they often do not follow the rules you have been learning, they will soon become so familiar that their formulas and names will be easy to remember. 

Pesticides are chemical compounds used to control or destroy pests such as weeds, insects, and rodents Oust to name a few).There are two types of pesticide organic (compounds that are predominantly composed of carbon) and inorganic (compounds with some metal involved). Whereas inorganic pesticides are the oldest known, these days the majority of pesticides are organic and are used on a large scale. 

With some exceptions (e.g., platinum, gold), metallic elements are found in nature as solid inorganic compounds called minerals. Notice from T TABLE 23u1 that minerals are identified by common names rather than chemical names. These common names are usually based on the location where a mineral was discovered, the person who discovered it, or some physical characteristic such as color. 

Naming Inorganic Compounds Some Simple Organic Compounds (Sections 2.8 and 2.9)... 

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