Nailed

Nail varnish should offer a wide range of colours and textures, adhere fast to the nail, and not chip. It should also be water-resistant, but easy to remove with a non-hazardous solvent that does not damage the nail, the skin, or the environment. All these conditions have been met with a blend of colours, polymers, plasticizers, and solvents. Nail varnish contains a pigment or dye, plus nitrocellulose to provide a gloss, and butyl stearate plasticizer to keep the varnish flexible when it has 

Polymers for artificial nails first appeared in the 1970s. Before then there were porcelain ones but these were brittle. The new polymer nails were much better and they could be trimmed with scissors and smoothly shaped with a nail file. Nail extensions are the more technical side of nail culture and they have been made from various plastics but are usually either polyacrylate or the copolymer ABS, short for poly (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene), which has the stiffness and flexibility very similar to those of natural fingernails. 

32 Better Looking (I) Hair, Eyes, Teeth, Nails 

Having secured the nail extension, and smoothed over the joint it makes with the real nail, the next job is to cover the whole with a film that inconspicuously unites the two parts. This is done by applying a paste made from powdered methacrylate polymer which is smoothed on to the nail where it will harden by absorbing oxygen from the air. Sometimes a little benzoyl peroxide can be added to speed up the process, sometimes it is hardened by exposure to UV light, and there are even some films that harden under ordinary light. Several layers of gel are applied until the desired smoothness from the base of the nail to the tip has been achieved. Finally the nail can be painted and decorated, sometimes to stunning effect with tiny diamonds. 

Of course nothing can stop such nails from moving up the finger and eventually they have to be removed. The solvent for doing this is acetonitrile121 which must be used carefully because it can be absorbed through the skin, which is why it is only available at nail salons. 

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For the filtration of very small quantities of crystals, the simple apparatus shown in Fig. 46 is often used. It consists of a fine glass rod (sometimes termed a filtration nail ) which is flattened at one end, the flattened surface being preferably roughened. It fits as shown into a small funnel which replaces F (Fig. 45). A circular piece of filter-paper is cut e-g.y with a clean sharp cork-borer) so as to fit completely and snugly over the flat end. After draining, the nail is raised and the filter-paper and crystals are removed with forceps and dried. 

More complicated and expensive programs are not necessarily better programs. One author recently described BASIC as a primitive language. Be that as it may, BASIC is ideal for solving simple problems. A hammer is a primitive tool. I wonder what our author friend would use to drive a nail. 

By employing a shghtly modified funnel, the glass nail can be utilised, in conjunction with a drying p. tube packed with desiccant, for drying the product... 

Quick-breaking foams consist of a miscible solvent system such ethanol (qv) [64-17-5] and water, and a surfactant that is soluble in one of the solvents but not in both. These foams are advantageous for topical appHcation of pharmaceuticals because, once the foam hits the affected area, the foam coUapses, deUvering the product to the wound without further injury from mechanical dispersion. This method is especially usehil for treatment of bums. Some personal products such as nail poHsh remover and after-shave lotion have also been formulated as quick-breaking foams. 

Gelatin can be a source of essential amino acids when used as a diet supplement and therapeutic agent. As such, it has been widely used in muscular disorders, peptic ulcers, and infant feeding, and to spur nail growth. Gelatin is not a complete protein for mammalian nutrition, however, since it is lacking in the essential amino acid tryptophan [73-22-3] and is deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids. 

Isopropyl alcohol is also employed widely as a solvent for cosmetics (qv), eg, lotions, perfumes, shampoos, skin cleansers, nail poHshes, makeup removers, deodorants, body oils, and skin lotions. In cosmetic appHcations, the acetone-like odor of isopropyl alcohol is masked by the addition of fragrance (144). 

Distressing Stains. Interest and charm can be added to furniture by the dehberate infliction of imperfections. These imperfections may be caused by physical distress such as hammers, files, nails, chains, or rocks or caused by finish distress such as "dy specking" or staining to simulate past abuse, such as waterstains caused by the careless placement of a drinking glass. 

The kidney is an important organ for the excretion of toxic materials and their metaboHtes, and measurement of these substances in urine may provide a convenient basis for monitoring the exposure of an individual to the parent compound in his or her immediate environment. The Hver has as one of its functions the metaboHsm of foreign compounds some pathways result in detoxification and others in metaboHc activation. Also, the Hver may serve as a route of elimination of toxic materials by excretion in bile. In addition to the Hver (bile) and kidney (urine) as routes of excretion, the lung may act as a route of elimination for volatile compounds. The excretion of materials in sweat, hair, and nails is usually insignificant. 

Wool belongs to a family of proteins, the keratins, that also includes hair and other types of animal protective tissues such as horn, nails, feathers, and the outer skin layers. The relative importance of wool as a textile fiber has declined over the decades as synthetic fibers have increa singly been used in textile consumption. Wool is still an important fiber in the middle and upper price ranges of the textile market. It is also an extremely important export for several nations, notably AustraUa, New Zealand, South Africa, and Argentina and commands a price premium over most other fibers because of its outstanding natural properties of soft handle (the feel of the fabric), moisture absorption abiUties (and hence comfort), and superior drape (the way the fabric hangs) (see Fibers Textiles). Table 2 shows wool production and sheep numbers in the world s principal wool-producing countries. 

The biochemical basis for its action in fungi has not been totally elucidated. Giclopiroxolamine [41621 -49-2] is used mainly in the treatment of mycoses of the skin and nails. 

Amorolfine [78613-35-17 is a molecule that is totally different from this group it is a morpholine derivative (15) (19). This substance has a broad-spectmm activity and has a fungicide effect at fairly low concentrations. The development of a nail varnish for treatment of onychomycoses could be very interesting. 

Indications are mycoses of the skin, hair, and nails due to species of Trichophyton Tpidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum. Yeasts and bacteria are not sensitive. Griseofulvin has a very weak effect against Side effects may include headaches and gastrointestinal disorders, but they are usually only... 

The NF and reagent grades are employed in the pharmaceutical industry which makes use of benzyl alcohol s local anesthetic, antiseptic, and solvent properties (17—20). It also finds use in cough symps and drops ophthalmic solutions bum, dental (21), and insect repeUant solutions and ointments and dermatological aerosol sprays. It is used in nail lacquers and as a color developer in hair dyes by the cosmetics industry (22), and in acne treatment preparations (23). 

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