Myxobacteria

Kunze B, Trowitzsch-Kienast W, Hofle G, Reichenbach H (1992) Nannochelins A, B and C, New Iron Chelating Compounds from Nannocystis exedens (Myxobacteria). Production, Isolation, Physico-chemical and Biological Properties. J Antibiotics 45 147... 

Moll. = Mollusca monoterp. = monoterpene(s) or monoterpenoid(s) Myxobact. = Myxobacteria NC = New Caledonia Nemert. = Nemertea Nepheliosp. = Nepheliospongida Nudibr. = Nudibranchia NZ = New Zealand Okin. = Okinawa Opisthobr. = Opisthobranchia... 

Overall, however, the immensity of temperate land corresponds to a most various secondary metabolic production, different from that of tropical land. The most renowned alkaloids belong to the morphine class (Chart 6.2.A1), and, in combination with isoprenoids, to the ergot and triterpene classes (Chart 6.2. A2). Prominent in the peptides are the cyclosporins (the first of which was isolated from a fiingus collected in Norway), streptogramins, and P-lactams (Chart 6.2.P). The isoprenoids are represented by pyrethrin monoterpenes, cedrane sesquiterpenes, ginkgolide and taxane diterpenes, ophiobolane sesterterpenes, and arborane and amyrin-like triterpenes (Chart 6.2.1). In the polyketides, epothilones, recently discovered from Myxobacteria, and the long known rapamycin, are two prominent classes of macrolides (Chart 6.2.FA/PO/C). 

Most bacteria (including E. coli) lead existences as individual cells, but in some bacterial species cells tend to associate in clusters or filaments, and a few (the myxobacteria, for example) demonstrate simple social behavior. 

More complex alternative developmental programs are followed by colonial forms of bacteria such as the myxobacteria. The life cycle involves aggregation of cells and formation of fruiting bodies as well as sporulation.185... 

Marine sponges of the genus Haliclona contain a diverse array of active secondary metabolites, including highly potent cytotoxic macrolides, e g., halichondrin and related compounds, Fig. (56) [468], and salicylihalamides A and B, Fig. (57) [469], New macrolides chemically related to salicylihalamides, apicularens A and B, were recently isolated from the myxobacteria Chondromyces sp. [470], From marine bacteria, other cytotoxic macrolides have been isolated, such as octalactin A, Fig. (58) and B, which have been shown as a cell cycle-specific anticancer drug [471], and swinholide, Fig. (59), isolated from symbiotic cyanobacteria with the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei [472]. 

Jansen R, Kunze B, Reichenbach H, Hofle G (2003) Chondrochloren A and B, New (3-Amino Styrenes from Chondromyces crocatus (Myxobacteria). Eur J Org Chem 2684... 

Kunze B, Jansen R, Sasse F, Hofle G, Reichenbach (1995) Chondramides A-D, New Antifungal and Cytostatic Depsipeptides from Chondromyces crocatus (Myxobacteria). Production, Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties. J Antibiot 48 1262... 

Sasse F, Kunze B, Gronewold TMA, Reichenbach H (1998) The Chondramides Cytostatic Agents from Myxobacteria Acting on the Actin Cytoskeleton. J Natl Cancer Inst 90 1559... 

Total synthesis of an orally active antifungal agent, ambruticin (112), which was isolated from fermentation extracts of Myxobacteria species Polyangium... 

Irschik H, Jansen R, Gerth K et al (1987) The sorangicins, novel and powerful inhibitors of eubacterial RNA ploymerase isolated from myxobacteria. J Antibiot 40 7-13... 

Proteobacteria, Myxobacteria Chondromyces crocatus (chondramides A—D) [90]. F Basidiomycota Cortinarius violaceusa [5]. P Acanthaceae Aphelandra spp. (aphel-andrine, orantine [102]) Veronicaceae Chaenorhinum sp. [(S)-/ -Tyr chaenorhine, chaenorpine] [103]. 

The principles and mechanisms by which the microbial decomposition of cellulose occurs as well as methods of evaluating textile susceptibility are discussed in detail by Siu (124). A more recent article discusses mechanisms by which organisms cause enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and lists representative cellulolytic species the three classes of destructive microorganisms are bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi although yeasts, algae, and myxobacteria have also been implicated (125). 

Gerth, K., Pradella, S., Perlova, O., Beyer, S., and Muller, R. 2003. Myxobacteria proficient producer of novel natural products with various biological activities-past and future biotechnological aspects with the focus on the genus Sorangium. J. Bio-technol., 106(2-3), 233-253. 

Figure 40 Stigmolone, an inducer of fruiting bodies of myxobacteria. Equilibrium between the hydroxy ketone stigmolone (a) and dihydropyran (b) is shown.

Microorganisms have been studied for more than 60 years as sources for natural products and continue to be very reliable sources of novel lead compounds. Besides various classes of fungi and myxobacteria, actinomycetes remain a major source of novel, therapeutically useful natural products. 

Two new bithiazole metabolites 151 and 152 were isolated from the myxobacterium myxococcus fiilvus collected from a Korean soil <07CPB477>. They are structurally related to other myxobacteria-derived metabolites such as myxothiazoles, cystothiazoles and melithiazoles. Urukthapelstatin A was isolated from a culture of Thermoactinomycetaceae bacterium Mechercharimyces asporophorigenens <07JAN251 07JAN256>. This... 

The major products originally isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cel-lulosum Sc 90 are epothilone A and epothilone B (Epo A and B), but numerous related members of this natural products family have subsequently been isolated as minor components from fermentations of myxobacteria. The relative and absolute stereochemistry of Epo B was determined by Hofle et al. in 1996 based on a combination of x-ray crystallography and chemical degradation studies, and the... 

Gerth K, Bedorf N, Hofle G, Irschik H, Reichenbach H. 97. Epothilons A and B antifungal and cytotoxic compounds from Sorangium cellulosum Myxobacteria. Production, physicochemical and biological properties. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 1996 49 560-563. 98. 

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