Chondromyces myxobacteria

Marine sponges of the genus Haliclona contain a diverse array of active secondary metabolites, including highly potent cytotoxic macrolides, e g., halichondrin and related compounds, Fig. (56) [468], and salicylihalamides A and B, Fig. (57) [469], New macrolides chemically related to salicylihalamides, apicularens A and B, were recently isolated from the myxobacteria Chondromyces sp. [470], From marine bacteria, other cytotoxic macrolides have been isolated, such as octalactin A, Fig. (58) and B, which have been shown as a cell cycle-specific anticancer drug [471], and swinholide, Fig. (59), isolated from symbiotic cyanobacteria with the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei [472]. 

Jansen R, Kunze B, Reichenbach H, Hofle G (2003) Chondrochloren A and B, New (3-Amino Styrenes from Chondromyces crocatus (Myxobacteria). Eur J Org Chem 2684... 

Kunze B, Jansen R, Sasse F, Hofle G, Reichenbach (1995) Chondramides A-D, New Antifungal and Cytostatic Depsipeptides from Chondromyces crocatus (Myxobacteria). Production, Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties. J Antibiot 48 1262... 

Proteobacteria, Myxobacteria Chondromyces crocatus (chondramides A—D) [90]. F Basidiomycota Cortinarius violaceusa [5]. P Acanthaceae Aphelandra spp. (aphel-andrine, orantine [102]) Veronicaceae Chaenorhinum sp. [(S)-/ -Tyr chaenorhine, chaenorpine] [103]. 

Figure 14 Biosynthesis of PKS-NRPS hybrid compounds in myxobacteria (b). Biosynthesis of chondramide D (34) in Chondromyces crocatus Cm c5. The DH domain from module 1 (marked with an asterisk) is most likely inactive. During the assembly of the chondramide backbone, an unusual extender unit - a /3-amino acid - is incorporated by NRPS module 6. The precursor is generated by the tyrosine amino mutase (TAM) CmdF, which converts L-tyrosine into R-/3-tyrosine (see box). The function of the terminal phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (PEP) domain is still unknown. Macrocyclization catalyzed by the TE domain yields chondramide C (40), which can be further transformed to the chlorinated derivative chondramide D (34). The halogenation process catalyzed by CmdE may also take place on the assembly line intermediate.

Kunze, B., Jansen, R., Sasse, R, Hofle, G., and Reichenbach, H. (1998). Apicularens A and B, new cytostatic macrolides from Chondromyces species (Myxobacteria) Production, physicochemical and biological properties. J. Antibiot. 51,1075-1080. 

Figure 7. Fruiting bodies of Myxobacteria. [a) Chondromyces pediculatus, [b] C. crocatus, [c] C. apiculatus, (d) Melittanglum boletus, (e) Myxococcus fulvus, [f] C. lanuginosus. Courtesy of Hans Reichenbach.

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