Mutual illumination

Miller If one is aware of certain aspects of evolutionary theory, such as mutation—selection balance and strategic polymorphisms, they provide interesting competing accounts of why is so heritable and variable. Many of the measures of fitness and variance in animal species that have been developed provide interesting analogues of psychometric tests, and they might be mutually illuminating. They have been in this symposium. 

In which Dennis and I explore the contents of our mutual illusions and illuminations. 

When a monochromatic, coherent light is incident into a dilute macromolecule solution, if solvent molecules and macromolecules have different refractive index, the incident light is scattered by each illuminated macromolecule to all directions [9, 10]. The scattered light waves from different macromolecules mutually interfere, or combine, at a distant, fast photomultiplier tube detector and produce a net scattering intensity I(t) or photon counts n(t) which is not uniform on the detection plane. If all macromolecules are stationary, the scattered light intensity at each direction would be a constant, i.e. independent of time. 

Funt et al. (1991, 1992) use a finite dimensional linear model to recover ambient illumination and the surface reflectance by examining mutual reflection between surfaces. Ho et al. (1992) show how a color signal spectrum can be separated into reflectance and illumination components. They compute the coefficients of the basis functions by finding a least squares solution, which best fits the given color signal. However, in order to do this, they require that the entire color spectrum and not only the measurements from the sensors is available. Ho et al. suggest to obtain the measured color spectrum from chromatic aberration. Novak and Shafer (1992) suggest to introduce a color chart with known spectral characteristics to estimate the spectral power distribution of an unknown illuminant. 

To clarify the mutual interactions between the gas bubbles and its surrounding liquid flow (mostly turbulent) in a bubbly flow, information of bubble s shape and motion is one of the key issues as well as the surrounding liquid velocity distribution. Tokuhiro et al. (1998, 1999) enhanced the PIV/LIF combination technique proposed by Philip et al. (1994) with supplementation of SIT to simultaneously measure the turbulent flow velocity distribution in liquid phase around the gas bubble(s) and the bubble s shape and motion in a downward flow in a vertical square channel. The typical experimental setup of the combination of PIV, LIF, and SIT is shown in Figure 14. The hybrid measurement system consists of two CCD cameras one for PIV/LIF (rear camera) and the other for SIT (front). The fluorescent particles are Rhodamine-B impregnated, nominally 1-10 pm in diameter with specific density of 1.02, and illuminated in a light sheet of approximately 1 mm thickness (Tokuhiro et al., 1998,1999). The fluorescence is recorded through a color filter (to cut reflections) by the rear camera. A shadow of the gas bubble is produced from infrared LEDs located behind the gas bubble. A square "window" set within the array of LEDs provides optical access for... 

The study of diatomic metals and small metallic clusters has been presented here as a vivid and current example of the effects of the mutually beneficial and illuminating interaction between experimentalists and theoreticians - an interaction that has contributed greatly to the accelerated progress of this area of scientific endeavor. 

More generally, a color is uniquely defined for a defined observer and a defined light source by three coordinates that are mutually perpendicular. There are various color coordinate systems recommended by the CIE that are represented by notations such as X. Y. Z. or L. a, b, depending on the method of calculation and are detailed in CIE publication 15 [34]. The most usual standard illuminant is D s. as mentioned under Light Transmission earlier. 

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