Lightness, defined

The artworks of Claude Monet reflect the impressionist s focus on light and its effect on color. His objects are independent of form. He gives an impression of a scene. Nothing is painted exactly as it appears. He uses short brush strokes and layers his paints to let light define the hue. 

In addition to the intensity of light, defined in equation (1.53), it is desirable to formulate observable quantities that characterize both the amplitude and phase of the electric vector projected onto orthogonal directions. This is accomplished using the Stokes vector, S, with components [1,5] ... 

Another measurement, circular dichroism, CD, is caused by a difference in the absorption of right and left circularly polarized light, defined by the equation... 

Robustness and ruggedness experiments are used to demonstrate how reproducible a method is when conditions vary. An assay method protocol defines the exact steps to be followed to ensure an accurate and precise result. Unfortunately, slight-to-large deviations occur in the everyday process, which may or may not impact the result. Assay conditions like incubation temperature or exposure to light define the robustness of the assay, whereas changes to the routine, for instance, multiple analysts or different instruments, define the ruggedness. The actual batch size for a routine sample analysis run is frequently overlooked but is often an impactful ruggedness measurement that should be assessed. 

Photon Quantum of light defining the minimal energy packet of a light radiation at a given frequency. 

Figure 2 Elliptically polarized light defined by the azimuth a and the ellipticity i...

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