Mutagenicity polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons

Lindmark, D.G. 1981. Activation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to mutagens by the marine ciliate Parauronema acutum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41 1238-1242. 

Schoeny, R., T. Cody, M. Radike, J. Caruso, J. Rogers, B. Smiddy, M. Trentman, and D. Warshawsky. 1984. Metabolism, growth effects and mutagenicity of plant metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. Pages 1197-1211 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Mechanisms, Methods and Metabolism. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Stegeman, J.J., T.R. Skopek, and W.G. Thilly. 1982. Bioactivation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons to cytotoxic and mutagenic products by marine fish. Pages 201-211 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Flecht SS, Carmella S, Furuya K, et al Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and catechol derivatives as potential factors in digestive tract carcinogenesis. Environ Mutagens Car-cinog Proc Int Conf 5M-556, 1982... 

Ramdahl, T., J. A. Sweetman, B. Zielinska, W. P. Harger, A. M. Winer, and R. Atkinson, Determination of Nitrofluoranthenes and Nitropyrenes in Ambient Air and Their Contribution to Direct Mutagenicity, presented at the Tenth Anniversary of the International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Columbus, OH, October 21-23, 1985b. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), of widespread occurrence in the environment, result from incomplete combustion of carbon- and hydrogen-containing substances. Many PAHs are well-recognized carcinogens and mutagens. Several industrial processes, such as fossil fuel conversion and production of aluminium and ferroalloys, can produce PAHs and result in their occurence in the working environment. 

Rappaport, S.M. Jin, Z.L. Xu, X.B. High-performance liquid chromatography with reductive electrochemical detection of mutagenic nitro-substituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in diesel exhausts. J. Chromatogr. 1982, 240, 145-154. 

A number of in vitro assays for mutagenicity have been performed on a variety of lubricating oils and their fractions. With the exception of oils with high polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content, the results of the studies on lubricating oil are negative. 

LaVoie E, Bedenko V, Hirota N, et al. 1979. A comparison of the mutagenicity, tumor initiating activity and complete carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In Jones PW. Leber P. eds. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Ann Arbor. Ml Science Publishers. Inc. 

LaVoie EJ, Tulley L, Bedenko V, et al. 1980b. Mutagenicity, tumor-initiating activity, and metabolism of tricyclic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In Bjorseth A, Dennis AJ, eds. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Chemistry and biological effects. Columbus, OH Batelle Press. 

Rice JE, Coleman DT, Hosted TJJ, et al. 1985b. On the metabolism, mutagenicity, and tumor-initiating activity of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. In Cooke M, Dennis AJ, eds. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons Metabolisms, methods and metabolism. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium. Columbus, OH Battelle Press, 1097-1109. 

Schuetzle D, Lee FSC, Prater TJ (1981) The identification of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivatives in mutagenic fractions of diesel particulate extracts. Intern JEnviron Anal Chem 9, 93-144. 

The PANs are known to be quite sensitive to walls in laboratory studies, and therefore are likely to react on aerosol surfaces. The PANs are very soluble in nonpolar organics. PANs can undergo important oxidation reactions on soot surfaces, leading to the formation of oxidized and nitrated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons which can be highly mutagenic. " The measurement of the PANs, as well as more usual oxidants such as O3, nitrate radical, and hydroxyl radical, is an important part of the characterization of potentially hazardous air pollutants. 

Katz M, Meddle JA, Salamone MF. 1981. Mutagenic activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and other environmental pollutants. In Dennis AJ, ed. Chemical analytical and biological fate Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, 5th International Symp. Columbus, OH Battelle Press, 519-528. 

Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are listed by the U.S. Environmental Proteetion Agency (U.S. EPA) and European Community as priority pollutants due to their mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. PAHs can be formed during natural processes or emitted by anthropogenic activity. 

It is known that many chemicals, e.g. polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons require enzyme modification before becoming biologically active. The production of such so-called "ultimate mutagens or carcinogens" is dependent on a series of inducible enzymes. The induction of these enzymes may increase or decrease the ultimate effect of the parent molecule. These inducible enzyme systems are also under genetic control, raising the question of the existence of susceptible individuals in the general population. 

Salmeen, I., Pero, a., Riley, T., Hampton, C., Prater, T., Corse, R. and Schuetzle, D., "Identification and Rigorous Quantitation of Direct-Acting Ames Assay Mutagens in Diesel Particulate Extracts , to be presented at the Sixth International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Columbus, Ohio (Oct. 27-29, 1982). 

Fig. 5. Mutagenic or carcinogenic dihydrodiols which may be proximate metabolites of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH).

Colmsjo, A. Rannug, A. Rannug, U. (1984) Some chloro derivatives of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are potent mutagens in Salmonella typhimurium. Mutat. Res. 135,21-29. 

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