Mustard, oil

Mustard gas. See also Mustard oil Mustard oils Mustard seed... 

Exceptions to the simple definition of an essential oil are, for example, gadic oil, onion oil, mustard oil, or sweet birch oils, each of which requires enzymatic release of the volatile components before steam distillation. In addition, the physical process of expression, appHed mostly to citms fmits such as orange, lemon, and lime, yields oils that contain from 2—15% nonvolatile material. Some flowers or resinoids obtained by solvent extraction often contain only a small portion of volatile oil, but nevertheless are called essential oils. Several oils are dry-distiUed and also contain a limited amount of volatiles nonetheless they also are labeled essential oils, eg, labdanum oil and balsam oil Pern. The yield of essential oils from plants varies widely. Eor example, nutmegs yield 10—12 wt % of oil, whereas onions yield less than 0.1% after enzymatic development. 

Sulfoxides occur widely in small concentrations in plant and animal tissues, eg, aHyl vinyl sulfoxide [81898-53-5] in garlic oil and 2,2 -sulfinylbisethanol [3085-45-8] as fatty esters in the adrenal cortex (1,2). Homologous methyl sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, which are represented by the formula CH3SO(CH2) NCS, where n = 3 [37791-20-1], 4 [4478-93-7], 5 [646-23-1], 8 [75272-81-0], 9 [39036-83-4], or 10 [39036-84-5], have been isolated from a number of mustard oils in which they occur as glucosides (3). Two methylsulfinyl amino acids have also been reported methionine sulfoxide [454-41-1] from cockroaches and the sulfoxide of i -methylcysteine, 3-(methylsulfinyl)alaiiine [4740-94-7]. The latter is the dominant sulfur-containing amino acid in turnips and may account in part for their characteristic odor (4). 

Carbon disulfide [75-15-0] (carbon bisulfide, dithiocarbonic anhydride), CS2, is a toxic, dense liquid of high volatiUty and fiammabiUty. It is an important industrial chemical and its properties are well estabUshed. Low concentrations of carbon disulfide naturally discharge into the atmosphere from certain soils, and carbon disulfide has been detected in mustard oil, volcanic gases, and cmde petroleum. Carbon disulfide is an unintentional by-product of many combustion and high temperature industrial processes where sulfur compounds are present. 

Heat gently 0 5 c.c. phenyl mustard oil, and o 5 c.c. aniline on cooling and rubbing with a gdass rod, thiocarbanilidc crystallises. 

Heat on the water-bath in a small flask with upright condenser 3 grams of phenyl mustard oil and 10 c.c. absolute alcohcrl for 3 hours, and pour into cold water. Phenylthioureth tine, C jHjNH.CS.OC Hj, separates out and may be recrystallised from alcohol. Yield, 25 grams m. p. 67 . 

Heat a few drops of the mustard oil with yellow mercuric oxide and notice the iriitating smell of phenyl carbimide. 

Triphenylguanidine.—In order to separate the triphenylguanidine leinaining in the flask as hydrochlorideaftci distilling off the phenyl mustard oil, the hot solution must be somewhat concentiated. The colourless salt, which crystallises out on cool-... 

The product can, howe er, be conrerted into the mustard oil by tieatment with a metallic salt which rcmo es hydro>Jen sulphide. 

Among the reactions appended to this preparation, the foi-mation of phenylcaibiniide from phenyl mustard oil is desciibetl. It should be noted that phenyl carbimide, like the thiocarbiniide, unites with ammonia, amines, and more especially with alcohols and phenols. The bases yield urea derivatives the alcohols and phenols foim urethanes. 

The presence of a halogen may indicate a haloid salt of a base, alky-l, alkylcue, or aryl halide, add halide, haloid derivative of an aldehyde or aad. Some substances, like mustard oils, amino- uilphonic atids and thioamides, contain both nitiogen and sulphur. 

Numerous methods for the determluation of " mustard oil," that is, of the thiocyanate compound, in the essential oil, or in preparations llioreol,... 

Allyl isothiocyanate, CHj CH. CH N C S, also known as artificial mustard oil, is the principal constituent of natural oil of mustard. This body results from the hydrolysis of the glucoside sinigrin under the influence of the ferment myrosin, according to the equation—... 

Acetyl-saure, /. acetic acid, -schwefelsaure, /, acetylsulfuric acid. -senfSl, n. acetyl mustard oil, -zahl,/. acetyl number. 

Athyl-jodid, n, ethyl iodide, iodoethane. -rho-danid, n, ethyl thiocyanate, -rot, n. ethyl red. -schwefelsaure, /, ethylsulfurie acid, -senfol, n, ethyl mustard oil (CsHcNCS). -sulfhydrat, n, ethyl hydrosulfide, -verbindung, /, ethyl compound, -wasserstoff,... 

Phenyl-jodidchlorid, n. phenyl iodochloride, -milchsaure, /. phenyllactic acid, -saure, /. phenylic acid (phenol, CeHaOH). -schwefel-saure, /. phenylsulfuric acid, -senfol, n. phenyl mustard oil. -siliciumchlorid, n. trichlorophenylsilane, CaHiSiCla. -verbindung, /. phenyl compound, -wasserstoff, m. phenyl hydride, benzene. 

Chloro-2-amino-0 -methyl-Ophenylbenzyl alcohol Ethyl mustard oil (ethyl isothiocyanate)... 

Volatile Inhibitors. Of the volatile components that influence plant growth and development, ethylene has received the most attention. Literature concerned with the variety of effects produced by ethylene, factors which influence its production, and the mechanisms through which responses are expressed has been reviewed by Evenari (57). Other gaseous excretions with inhibitory effects considered by Evenari include hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, essential oils, and mustard oils (probably allyl isothiocyanate and /3-phenethyI isothiocyanate). 

Nonvolatile Inhibitors. Glycosides A number of toxic constituents are known to be released by the enzymatic degradation of various glycosides. Some of the volatile components have been mentioned previously—i.e., isothiocyanates from mustard oil glycosides and hydrogen cyanide from cyanogenic glycosides. 

Glucobrassicin is a mustard oil glucoside found in various Bras-sica spp. (50). 3-Indoleacetonitrile (IAN) is released from glucobrassicin by the action of the enzyme myrosinase at pH 4.0. How-... 

CH4N2S 1762-95-4) see Acetazolamide Benzyl mustard oil Brimonidine Clonidine Indanazoline Thiadrine Tiamenidine Tioxolone Tolonidine Tramazoline ammonium thiocyanate see under ammonium rhodanide... 

C7H()N 100-46-9) see Amosulalol Bamidipine Beclamide Benperidol Betanidine Biotin Cisapride Dilevalol Guanoxan Moxifloxacin hydrochloride NebivOlol Nialamide Reproterol Sparfloxacin Sulbentine Viloxazine benzylamine hydrochloride (C7H,()C1N 3287-99-8) see Benzyl mustard oil 2-benzylaminoethanol... 

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