Musculoskeletal disorders treatment

List some nursing diagnoses particular to a patient taking a drug for the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. 

The bisphosphonates are drags used to treat musculoskeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and Fhget s disease. This chapter will discuss the use of these drugs in the treatment of osteoporosis. 

Corticosteroids are hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex. These hormones arise from the cortex of the adrenal gland and are made from the crystalline steroid alcohol cholesterol. Synthetic forms of the natural adrenal cortical hormones are available The potent antiinflammatory action of the corticosteroids makes these drugs useful in the treatment of many types of musculoskeletal disorders. The corticosteroids are discussed in Chapter 50. 

Promoting an Optimal Response to Therapy The patient with a musculoskeletal disorder may be in acute pain or have longstanding mild to moderate pain, which can be just as difficult to tolerate as severe pain. Along with pain, there may be skeletal deformities, such as the joint deformities seen with advanced rheumatoid arthritis. For many musculoskeletal conditions, drug therapy is a major treatment modality. Therapy with these drugs may keep the disorder under control (eg, therapy for gout), improve the patient s ability to carry out the activities of daily living, or make the pain and discomfort tolerable. 

Develop a monitoring plan to assess treatment of a patient with musculoskeletal disorders. 

O The two primary goals of treatment of musculoskeletal disorders are to (1) relieve pain and (2) maintain functionality. 

Treatment of musculoskeletal disorders involves three phases (1) therapy of an acute injury using the RICE principle, (2) pain relief using oral or topical agents, and (3) lifestyle and behavioral modifications for rehabilitation and to prevent recurrent injury or chronic pain (Fig. 57-3). 

The sahcylates are useful in the treatment of minor musculoskeletal disorders such as bursitis, synovitis, tendinitis, myositis, and myalgia. They may also be used to relieve fever and headache. They can be used in the treatment of inflammatory disease, such as acute rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and certain rheumatoid variants, such as ankylosing spondylitis, Reiter s syndrome, and psoriatic arthritis. However, other NS AIDS are usually favored for the treatment of these chronic conditions because of their lower incidence of GI side effects. Aspirin is used in the treatment and prophylaxis of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. 

Heilman DB, Stone JH Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. In McPhee ST, Papadakis MA (editors). Current Medical Diagnosis Treatment 2007. McGraw-Hill, 2007. 

Flunixin is registered or is under development in many countries for use in horses, cattle, and swine for treatment of equine colic, musculoskeletal disorders, acute endotoxin-induced mastitis in cattle, and respiratory disease (89-91). It is administered orally or parenterally for a maximum of 5 successive days (92). Flunixin is a genotoxic but not carcinogenic compound. Its mechanism of action is believed to be via the inhibition of cycloxygenase to reduce the presence of arachidonic acid metabolites produced during inflammation (93). 

Recently, the extreme potency of botulinum toxin has led to multiple medical uses of this substance, including the treatment of cervical torticollis, strabismus, and other musculoskeletal disorders, as well as in cosmetic plastic surgery as Botox for the elimination of facial lines or wrinkles (Lemonick, 2002). The irreversible action of botulinum toxin on nerve transmission when used in minute amounts leads to prolonged therapeutic effects of greater than 3 months in duration. An iatrogenic form is also reported secondary to adverse effects of local injection of the toxin in cosmetic procedures or in patients with spasticity (Ihgnoli, 2002). 

NSAIDs are commonly used for their analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic actions in the treatment of arthritis, musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.Although these drugs are widely used and are often used for prolonged periods, retinal toxicity is rare. 

Azapropazone (377) has found some use in the treatment of rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders (71AF1532). 

Manipulative therapies (chiropractic and osteopathy) are amongst the most prevalent of complementary treatments. Spinal manipulation is carried out by chiropractors, osteopaths, physiotherapists, and other healthcare professionals to treat back and neck pain as well as other (predominantly musculoskeletal) disorders. 

Azoury FJ. Double-bhnd comparison of Parafon Forte and Flexeril in the treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders. Curr Ther Res 1979 26 189. 

A 2.16% dimethyl sulfoxide solution in water is iso-osmotic with serum. Dimethyl sulfoxide has been used as a 50% aqueous solution for instillation into the bladder in the treatment of interstitial cystitis it has also been tried clinically for a wide range of indications, including cutaneous and musculoskeletal disorders, but with little evidence of beneficial effects. 

ANTIINFLAMMATORY and ANTIPYRETIC activity. It is used orally to treat pain and inflammation in rheumatic disease and other musculoskeletal disorders. It is also an aldose REDUCTASE INHIBITOR and is being studied for use in the treatment of eye disorders. 

Owing to its poor solubility, as compared to mephenesin, its absorption through the gastrointestinal tract is rather slow, which is responsible for its longer onset and duration of action. It is employed in the treatment of muscle spasm caused by musculoskeletal disorders, tetanus and injury. 

It is used for the treatment of painful muscle spasm associated with musculoskeletal disorders, such as spondolytis, sprains and muscle strains. It is also recommended sometimes for vertebral disk disorders and cervical root syndrome. 

It has antipyretie, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions, ft is employed in the treatment of rheumatic and other musculoskeletal disorders. The drug is, however, comparable to indomethacin and aspirin in the control and management of disease aetivity. 

It possesses analgesie, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic actions. It is normally used in the treatment of rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout However, the sodium salt is mostly employed as an analgesic for a variety of other painful conditions. 

Isoxicam is a non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent useful in the treatment of various forms of rheumatoid aurthritis, osteoarthritis and musculoskeletal disorders. It is about one-tenth as potent as its structural relative svidoxicam its similar long Tlj (>30 hrs.) adlows once-daily dosing. 

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