Multitechnique characterization

X-ray photoelectron spectra, V3f Alumina-supported metals, multitechnique characterization, 37V-83 Aluminosilicates, Intercalates of, role In heterogeneous catalysis, V72-83 Alumlmin... 

Covering monometallic (Pd, Sn) and multimetallic (Pd-Sn, Pd-Ag) systems, several examples are presented in this chapter to illustrate the possibility offered by this chemistry to control the particle size distribution and the bimetallic interaction at a molecular level. This work is supported by a multitechnique characterization approachusing SnM6ssbauerspectroscopy,X-rayphotoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low-energy ion spectroscopy (LEIS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Catalytic performances in hydrogenation of different unsaturated hydrocarbons (phenylacetylene, butadiene) are finally discussed in order to establish structure-reactivity relationships. 

The third point is measuring more. Weckhuysen implied by this statement that the researcher should combine two or more spectroscopic techniques in one cell, to produce multitechnique characterizations. Given the complexity of a typical solid catalyst, the use of multiple characterization techniques has always been appreciated in catalyst characterization science. The novelty suggested here is to combine these techniques so that the spectroscopic measurement is made on the same catalyst at the same time. Other chapters in this volume address this point. 

Ferrandon M, Kropf AJ, Myers DJ, Artyushkova K, Kramm U, Bogdanoff P, Wu G, Johnston CM, Zeienay P (2012) Multitechnique characterization of a polyaniline-iron-carbon oxygen reduction catalyst. J Phys Chem C 116(30) 16001-16013... 

The intermediate and final solid phases obtained at different synthesis conditions have been extensively characterized by multitechniques. For the given composition and pH value, we have defined the following optimum crystallization temperature and time between 6 and 8 days at 100°C or less than 4 days at 120°C. The present work led us to postulate a synthesis mechanism which includes three steps, i.e. nucleation, crystallization and simultaneous amorphisation and transformation to more dense phase. 

The characterization of acid sites is perhaps better approached using a multitechnique approach, that is using a variety of techniques, each better suited for characterizing a particular acidic site. Clearly, comparisons between various techniques are necessary in order to arrive at a complete description of a zeolitic acid site. 

De Marco, R. Jiang, Z. T. Becker, T. Clarke, G. Murgatroyd, G. Prince, K., Response mechanisms and new approaches with solid-state ion-selective electrodes A powerful multitechnique materials characterization approach, Electroanalysis 2006, 18, 1273-1281... 

The process of characterizing a complex solid via a truly multitechnique analytical approach has been examined, case studies like the one described above providing valuable information. The result is a general outline for the CACSS project which we will describe in some detail here. It reflects our basic ideas about how to proceed through the analytical process in the optimum way, guided by an expert system when appropriate. 

Esfandiary, R., Hayes, D.B., Parupudi, A., et al. (2013) A systematic multitechnique approach for detection and characterization of reversible self-association during formulation development of therapeutic antibodies. 7 Pharm Sci, 102 (9), 3089-3099. 

ToF-SIMS is routinely applied to the characterization of competitive thiol adsorption and mixed self-assembled layers [73-75]. Mixed monolayers of alkyl sulfides (and dialkyl disulfides) were first investigated with SIMS by Offord et al. in a detailed multitechnique study [76]. The authors concluded that the adsorption is thermodynamically driven for sulfides (longer chains preferred) and kinetically driven for disulfides (no preference). In parallel, the usefulness of ToF-SIMS to determine the chemical structure and composition of mixed layers of alkanethiols was demonstrated [77]. 

A multitechnique approach was used to characterize the structures of protein-surfactant films. Important... 

The characterization of surface structure for miscible blends is a more formidable task, requiring techniques that are sensitive to the composition of the blend within several nanometers of the surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (xps) provided the first direct and quantitative evaluation of surface composition and surface composition gradients for miscible polymer blends of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) and polystyrene (PS) (22,23). Since that time, the situation has changed dramatically with the advance of theory and the application of exciting new experimental techniques to this problem. In addition to xps and pendant drop tensiometry (22,23), forward recoil spectroscopy (28), neutron (29) and x-ray reflectivity (30), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (either dynamic or time-of-flight-static) (31,32), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (33-35), have been applied successfully to study surface segregation. The advent of these new tools has enabled a multitechnique experimental approach toward careful examination of the validity of current surface segregation theories (36-39). 

Three-dimensional structure and dynamics of wine tannin-saliva protein complexes. A multitechnique approach. Biochemistry 42 10385-10395 Haslam E (1974) Polyphenol-protein interactions. Biochem J 139 285 Jobstl E, Howse JR, Fairclough JPA, Williamson MP (2006) Noncovalent cross-linking of casein by epigallocatechin gallate characterized by single molecule force microscopy. J Agric Food Chem 54 4077 081... 

Kwok, C.S., Mourad, P.D., Crum, L.A., Ratner, B.D. Surface modification of polymers with self-assembled molecular structure multitechnique surface characterization. Biomacromolecules 1, 139-148 (2000)... 

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