Oxygen-reduction catalysts

Reeve RW, Christensen PA, Hamnett A, Haydock SA, Roy SC (1998) Methanol tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts based on transition metal sulfides. J Electrochem Soc 145 3463-... 

Ozenler SS, Kadirgan F (2006) The effect of the matrix on the electro-catalytic properties of methanol tolerant oxygen reduction catalysts based on ruthenium-chalcogenides. J Power Sources 154 364-369... 

Neergat N, Sbukla AK, Gandhi KS. 2001. Platinum-based alloys as oxygen-reduction catalysts for solid-polymer-electrolyte direct methanol fuel cells. J Appl Electrochem 31 373-378. 

Gasteiger HA, Kocha SS, Sompalli B, Wagner FT. 2005. Activity benchmark and requirements for Pt, Pt-alloy, and non-Pt oxygen reduction catalysts for PEMFCs. Appl Catal B 56 9-35. 

Kaiser J, Simonov PA, Zaikovskii VI, Hartnig C, Joerissen L, Savinova ER. 2007. Influence of the carbon support on the performance of the platinum based oxygen reduction catalysts in a pol3mier electrol3fte fuel cell. J Appl Electrochem 37 1429-1437. 

Au has recently received less attention than Pt as a supported catalyst because of its lower impact in PEMFC energy conversion technology, since the ORR is dominated by a two-electron reduction process, at what is a high overpotential, in acidic media. Nevertheless, it is an important oxygen reduction catalyst in alkaline media, and, in contrast to Pt, is oxide-free in the potential range where oxygen reduction occurs. 

Selvarani, G., Maheswari, S., Sridhar, P., Pitchumani, S., and Shukla, A.K. (2009) Carbon-supported Pt-Ti02 as a methanol-tolerant oxygen-reduction catalyst for DMFCs. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 156 (11),... 

Non-precious metal oxygen reduction catalysts for PEM fuel cells 338... 

There has long been interest in investigating Fe- and Co-based catalysts for oxygen reduction because of their role as highly effective enzymes for oxygen transport and conversion in biological systems. More recently, additional interest has been centered on alternative precious metals, metal oxides, and metal carbides and nitrides as possible oxygen reduction catalysts. 

For DMFC systems, Pt cathodes are also used as the catalyst of choice however, given Pt s ability to reduce oxygen and oxidize methanol, this lack of selectivity makes them sensitive to methanol crossover from anode to cathode via the membrane. This methanol crossover can have a depolarizing effect on cathode performance, reducing overall cathode activity. To combat this, an extensive effort has been made to identify and develop selective oxygen/reduction catalysts unaffected by MeOH crossover. 

D. Thompsett. Pt alloys as oxygen reduction catalysts. In Handbook of fuel cells Fundamentals, technology and applications. Vol. 3 Fuel cell technology and applications, ed. W. Vielstich, H. A. Gasteiger, and A. Lamm, 467 (2003). New York John Wiley Sons. 

CoTAA plays a particular role here. The thermal activation of this compound is fully described in Section 4.2.4. in connection with its anodic formic-acid activity in sulfuric acid. Thermally pretreated mixtures of CoTAA and activated carbon BRX in the proportion of 1 2 w/w show their peak activity as oxygen-reduction catalysts as a function of treating temperature at about 600 °C (Fig. 22). 

D. Material Problems with Respect to Oxygen Reduction Catalysts... 

The catalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen oxidation are materials based on substances like Co, Ni, Fe, Mn [16, 19]. One of new applications of oxygen reduction catalysts is air-metal hydride accumulator. Electrodes based on La0.1Cao.4Co03, La0. Cao.,jMn03 [18] are used in this battery. The electrodes of similar composition could be used in SOFC. An insertion of the oxides in their composition (CuO for example) leads to increasing the conductivity of system and efficiency of catalyst [30]. 

In order to evaluate the performance advantages of alloying platinum with 3d transition metals, Buchanan, Keck, el al.s examined platinum with first-row transition elements to examine whether or not there were significant improvements in the performance of the alloys in hot phosphoric acid as oxygen reduction catalysts. They concluded that alloying platinum with the first-row transition elements significantly increases the performances above that for platinum alone. 

Thompsett, D., Pt alloys as oxygen reduction catalysts, in Handbook of Fuel Cells Fundamentals, Technology, and Applications, 1st ed., Vielstich, W., Lamm, A., and Gasteiger, H.A., Eds., John Wiley Sons, West Sussex, England, 2003, p. 467. 

Okada, T. et al., A comparative study of organic cobalt complex catalysts for oxygen reduction in polymer electrolyte fuel cells, J. Inorg. Organometal. Polym., 9,199,1999. Bron, M. et al., EXAFS, XPS and electrochemical studies on oxygen reduction catalysts obtained by heat treatment of iron phenanthroline complexes supported on high surface area carbon black, J. Electroanal. Chem., 535, 113, 2002. 

Jaouen, F. et al.. Oxygen reduction catalysts for polymer electrolyte fuel cells from the pyrolysis of iron acetate adsorbed on various carbon supports, J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 1376, 2003. 

Qi, Z. and Pickup, P.G., High performance conducting polymer supported oxygen reduction catalysts, Chem. Commun., 2299, 1998. 

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