Pressure drop multiphase flow

Fayed A. S. and Otten, L., Gomparing Measured with Calculated Multiphase Flow Pressure Drop, Oil and Gas Jour., Aug. 22, 1983, p. 136. 

Sun L, Mishima K Evaluation analysis of prediction methods for two-phase flow pressure drop in mini-channels. Int. J. Multiphase Flow 2009 35(1) 47-54. 

Phase changes during the transportation of crude oil or natural gas results in two-phase oil/gas flows. When the hot fluid from the reservoir rises to the sea floor, the extreme temperature changes can cause liquefaction of the gas. Also, due to the long distances used in multiphase flowlines, pressure drop can cause flashing and a change of phase. 

Beattie DRH, Whalley PB (1982) A simple two-phase flow frictional pressure drop calculation method. Int J Multiphase Flow 8 83-87... 

Kawahara A, Chung PM, Kawaji M (2002) Investigation of two-phase flow pattern, void fraction and pressure drop in a micro-channel. Int J Multiphase Plow 28 1411-1435 Kawaji M (1999) Fluid mechanics aspects of two-phase flow Flow in other geometries. In Kand-likar SG, Shoji M, Dhir VK (eds) Handbook of phase change boiling and condensation. Taylor and Francis, Washington, DC, pp 205-259... 

Taitel Y, Bamea D, Dukler AE (1980) Modeling flow pattern transitions for steady upward gas-liquid flow in vertical tubes. AlChE J 26 345-354 Triplett KA, Ghiaasiaan SM, Adbel-Khalik SI, Sadowski DL (1999a) Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels. Part 1 two-phase flow patterns. Int J Multiphase Flow 25 377-394 Triplett KA, Ghiaasiaan SM, Abdel-Khalik SI, LeMouel A, McCord BN (1999b) Gas-liquid two-phase flow in microchannels. Part 11 void fraction and pressure drop. Int J Multiphase Flow 25 395 10... 

Ungar EK, Cornwell JD (1992) Two-phase pressure drop of ammonia in small diameter horizontal tubes. In AIAA 17th Aerospace Ground Testing Conference, NashviUe, 6-8 July 1992 Wallis GB (1969) One dimensional two-phase flow. McGraw-Hfll, New York Yang CY, Shieh CC (2001) Flow pattern of air-water and two-phase R-134a in small circular tubes. Int J Multiphase Flow 27 1163-1177... 

Zhao TS, Bi QC (2001b) Pressure drop characteristics of gas-liquid two-phase flow in vertical miniature triangular channels. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 44 2523-2534 Zimmerman R, Gurevich M, Mosyak A, Rozenblit R, Hetsroni G (2006) Heat transfer to air-water annular flow in a horizontal pipe. Int J Multiphase Flow 32 1-19... 

Tran TN, Chyu M-C, Wambsganss MW, France DM (2000) Two-phase pressure drop of refrigerants during flow boiling in small channels an experimental investigation and correlation development. Int J Multiphase Flow 26 1739-1754... 

Yen T-H, Kasagi N, Suzuki Y (2003) Forced convective boiling heat transfer in micro-tubes at low mass and heat fluxes. Int J Multiphase Flow 29 1771-1792 Yu W, France DM, Wambsganss MW, Hull JR (2002) Two-phase pressure drop, boiling heat transfer, and critical heat flux to water in a small-diameter horizontal tube. Int J Multiphase Flow 28 927-941... 

Landetman CS (1994) Micro-channel flow boding mechanisms leading to burnout. J Heat Transfer Electron Syst ASME HTD 292 124-136 Levich VG (1962) Physicochemical hydrodynamics. Prentice Had, London Morijama K, Inoue A (1992) The thermohydraudc characteristics of two-phase flow in extremely narrow channels (the frictional pressure drop and heat transfer of boding two-phase flow, analytical model). Heat Transfer Jpn Res 21 838-856 Peles YP, Yarin LP, Hetsroni G (2001) Steady and unsteady flow in a heated capdlary. Int J Multiphase How 27 577-598... 

Triplett KA, Chiaasiaah SM, Abdel-Khadk SI, LeMouel A, McCord BN (1999b) Gas-Uquid two-phase flow in micro-channels. Part 11 void fraction and pressure drop. Int J Multiphase How 25 395-410... 

Recently, hydrodynamic aspects of multiphase applications have been studied in detail for the cocurrent and countercurrent flow regimes. Useful correlations were determined and it was found that foams combine high rates and low pressure drop, proving their high potential in multiphase applications [9, 107, 108]. 

Barnea, D., 1990, Effect of Bubble Shape on Pressure-Drop Calculations in Vertical Slug Flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 16 79-89. (3)... 

Jens, W. H., and P. A. Lottes, 1951, Analysis of Heat Transfer, Burnout, Pressure Drop, and Density Data for High Pressure Water, USAEC Rep. ANL-4627, Argonne Natl. Lab., Argonne, IL. (4) Jepson, W. P., and R. E. Taylor, 1993, Slug Flow and Its Transitions in Large-Diameter Horizontal Pipes, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 19(3) 410420. (3)... 

Salcudean, M., J. H. Chun, and D. C. Groeneveld, 1983a, Effect of Flow Obstructions on the Flow Pattern Transitions in Horizontal Two-Phase Flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, P( 1) 87. (3) Salcudean, M., D. C. Groeneveld, and L. Leung, 1983b, Effects of Flow Obstruction Geometry on Pressure Drops in Horizontal Air-Water Flow, Int. J. Multiphase Flow 9(l) 73-85. (3)... 

In addition to absolute pressure measurements, pressure sensors can be used to determine flow rates when combined with a well-defined pressure drop over a microfluidic channel. Integration of optical waveguide structures provides opportunities for monitoring of segmented gas-liquid or liquid-liquid flows in multichannel microreactors for multiphase reactions, including channels inside the device not accessible by conventional microscopy imaging (Fig. 2c) (de Mas et al. 2005). Temperature sensors are readily incorporated in the form of thin film resistors or simply by attaching thin thermocouples (Losey et al. 2001). 

Figure 8.1 shows the pressure and temperature of fluids in a flowline at various points along the ocean floor, predicted by a multiphase flow prediction program. As a unit mass of fluid traverses the pipeline, the pressure drops normally due to friction losses associated with fluid flow. However, the temperature decrease is more interesting. 

Figure 8 Lockhart and Martinelli parameters for pressure drop in multiphase flow.

The most reliable methods for fully developed gas/liquid flows use mechanistic models to predict flow pattern, and use different pressure drop and void fraction estimation procedures for each flow pattern. Such methods are too lengthy to include here, and are well suited to incorporation into computer programs commercial codes for gas/liquid pipeline flows are available. Some key references for mechanistic methods for flow pattern transitions and flow regime-specific pressure drop and void fraction methods include Taitel and Dukler (AIChEJ., 22,47-55 [1976]), Barnea, et al. (Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 6, 217-225 [1980]), Barnea (Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 12, 733-744 [1986]), Taitel, Barnea, and Dukler (AIChE J., 26, 345-354 [1980]), Wallis (One-dimensional Two-phase Flow, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969), and Dukler and Hubbard (Ind. Eng. Chem. Fun-dam., 14, 337-347 [1975]). For preliminary or approximate calculations, flow pattern maps and flow regime-independent empirical correlations, are simpler and faster to use. Such methods for horizontal and vertical flows are provided in the following. 

Flashing flow and condensing flow are two examples of multiphase flow with phase change. Flashing flow occurs when pressure drops below the bubble point pressure of a flowing liquid. A frequently... 

Shimizu, A., Echigo, R., Hasegawa, S. and Hishida, M. (1978). Experimental Study on the Pressure Drop and the Entry Length of the Gas-Solid Suspension Flow in a Circular Tube. Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 4, 53. 

A recent example is the optical fiber monolith reactor, reported by Lin and Valsaraj (208). They used a monolith for photocatalytic wastewater treatment with the channels of the monolith completely filled with flowing liquid. The monolith structure was used merely as the distributor of the optical fibers, but the benefits of monolith, such as low-pressure drop and excellent mass transfer characteristics for multiphase systems, were not fully exploited. 

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