Multielement emission spectrometry

Multielement Emission Spectrometry Using a Charge-Injection Device Detector... 

The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) has become the most popular source for multielement analysis via optical spectroscopy since the introduction of the first commercial instruments in 1974. About 6000 ICP-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) instruments are in operation throughout the world. 

Minganti V, Capelli R, Depellegrini R (1995) Evaluation of different derivatization methods for the multielement detection of Hg, Pb and Sn compounds by gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry in environmental samples. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 351 (4-5) 471 77. 

Mass spectrometry is the only universal multielement method which allows the determination of all elements and their isotopes in both solids and liquids. Detection limits for virtually all elements are low. Mass spectrometry can be more easily applied than other spectroscopic techniques as an absolute method, because the analyte atoms produce the analytical signal themselves, and their amount is not deduced from emitted or absorbed radiation the spectra are simple compared to the line-rich spectra often found in optical emission spectrometry. The resolving power of conventional mass spectrometers is sufficient to separate all isotope signals, although expensive instruments and skill are required to eliminate interferences from molecules and polyatomic cluster ions. 

Segal, I., Kloner, A., and Brenner, I. B. (1994). Multielement analysis of archaeological bronze objects using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry -aspects of sample preparation and spectral-line selection. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 9 737-744. 

Analytical Techniques Atomic absorption spectrometry, 158, 117 multielement atomic absorption methods of analysis, 158, 145 ion microscopy in biology and medicine, 158, 157 flame atomic emission spectrometry, 158, 180 inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometry, 158, 190 inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, 158, 205 atomic fluorescence spectrometry, 158, 222 electrochemical methods of analysis, 158, 243 neutron activation analysis, 158, 267. 

E. M. Seco-Gesto, A. Moreda-Pineiro, A. Bermejo-Barrera and P. Bermejo-Barrera, Multielement determination in raft mussels by fast microwave-assisted acid leaching and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, Talanta, 72(3), 2007, 1178-1185. 

C. Pena-Farfal, A. Moreda-Pineiro, A. Bermejo-Barrera, P. Bermejo-Barrera, H. Pinochet-Cancino and I. De-Gregori-Henriquez, Ultrasound bath-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis procedures as sample pretreatment for multielement determination in mussels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 76(13), 2004, 3541-3547. 

L. Ebdon, M. Foulkes and K. O Hanlon, Optimised simultaneous multielement analysis of environmental slurry samples by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry using a segmented array charge-coupled device detector. Anal. Chim. Acta, 311, 1995, 123-134. 

Depth profile of elements in seawater near hydrothermal vents. [From T. Akagi and H. Haraguchi, Simultaneous Multielement Determination of Trace Metals Using W mL of Seawater by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry with Gallium Coprecipitation and Microsampling Technique Anal. Chem. 1990, 62.81.]... 

Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Emission spectroscopy was the earliest developed multielement measurement technique (1 9,50,51, 52). Its widest acceptance was by the metal industry where it was particularly useful in determining a few elements repetitively in a metal (usually some form of steel) matrix which was well defined. It was also used in the food and agricultural field and was responsible for much of the early knowledge of the concentrations of a number of trace elements in orange juice (23, 2k). 

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) is also called optical emission spectrometry (OES). It is the oldest atomic spectrometric multielement method which originally involved the use of flame, electric arc or spark excitation. Recently there has been considerable innovation in new sources plasma sources and discharges under reduced pressure. Littlejohn et al. (1991) have reviewed recent advances in the field of atomic emission spectrometry, including fundamental processes and instrumentation. 

The most important analytical techniques which are used in multielement trace analysis are ICP-MS, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and ICP atomic emission spectrometry (AES). NAA is applied as reference method in order to establish certibed values. The regular atomic spectrometry update on clinical and biological materials, foods and beverages (ASU review) gives an overview of the recent developments in elemental analysis of food and beverages [81]. 

Each spectroscopic method has a characteristic application. For example, flame photometry is still applicable to the direct determination of Ca and Sr, and to the determination of Li, Rb, Cs and Ba after preconcentration with ion-exchange resin. Fluorimetry provides better sensitivities for Al, Be, Ga and U, although it suffers from severe interference effects. Emission spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and neutron activation analysis allow multielement analysis of solid samples with pretty good sensitivity and precision, and have commonly been applied to the analysis of marine organisms and sediments. Recently, inductively-coupled plasma (ICP)... 

Contamination of the analytes from the carriers (the precipitates) should be first examined, and the blank test carried out carefully. Great care should also be taken in terms of the recoveries of the analytes, because the procedures in the coprecipitation are sometimes time-consuming and irre-producible. Some efficiencies of recovery for Zr(IV) coprecipitation along with the determined values of trace elements in seawater are summarized in Table 7, where inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) emission spectrometry was applied for the simultaneous multielement analysis [45]. In this experiment, 10 mg of Zr(IV) was added to 11 of seawater, the precipitation made... 

Kuennen, R.W., Wolnik, K.A., Fricke, F.L., Caruso, J.A. Pressure dissolution and real sample matrix calibration for multielement analysis of raw agriculture crops by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 54, 2146-2150 (1982)... 

Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry was investigated for simultaneous multielement determinations in human urine. Emission intensities of constant, added amounts of internal reference elements were used to compensate for variations in nebulization efficiency. Spectral background and stray-light contributions were measured, and their effects were eliminated with a minicomputer-con-trolled background correction scheme. Analyte concentrations were determined by the method of additions and by reference to analytical calibration curves. Internal reference and background correction techniques provided significant improvements in accuracy. However, with the simple sample preparation procedure that was used, lack of sufficient detecting power prevented quantitative determination of normal levels of many trace elements in urine. 

Multielement Analysis by Atomic Emission Spectrometry. Applications of a Simultaneous Multielement Wavelength Profiling Facility for Diagnosis of Stray Light and Spectral Line Interference Effects, Third Annual Meeting of the Federation of Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy Societies, Philadelphia, PA, November 15, 1976, paper no. 79. 

The latest study has revealed that CCC has a great potential in the ultratrace determination of metals, because it can concentrate minute amounts of metal prior to the instrumental multielement analysis, such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). 

Hence, it is important to have test methods that can determine metals, both at trace levels and at major concentrations. Thus test methods have evolved that are used for the determination of specific metals as well as the multielement methods of determination using techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. 

These Initial Investigations of the charge Injection device have Indicated that the device promises to be a successful detector for simultaneous multielement analysis In atomic emission spectrometry. The unique non-destructive readout, coupled with selective knockdown and pseudo-random addressing give the CID system capabilities unparalleled in any other detector available today. The device has been shown to have at least an adequate sensitivity, can be operated in a manner which reduces pixel cross talk, and the dynamic range of the system can be extended to virtually any desired level. 

Rahil-Khazen R, Hendriksen H, Bolann BJ and Ulvik RJ (2000) Validation of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry technique (ICP-AES) for multielement ancdysis of trace elements in human serum. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 60 677 - 686. 

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