Multi-machine operation

The possibility of a multi-machine operation and programming at the machine itself is often used (Figure 4.21). 

II U16,T5] integrated circuit chip at the centre of a computer for controlling the system and processing the data mill /mil/ ri [U29, SP (B) a milling machine uses multi-toothed cutters to shape metals and plastics miller mila(r)/ ii U29, SP (A) a milling machine operator... 

The static array irradiance calibration system uses a radiometer and can be preformed by the machine operator. A rotating drum tester is calibrated with a multi-step procedure using a special calibration lamp. Generally, calibration of a rotating drum tester is done by an outside service technician. 

Continuous paper machines have undergone extensive mechanical developments since the 1950s, although the principles employed have changed Utde. Cylinder machines stUl are operated and involve multiples of five to seven cylinders they are used to produce heavy multi-ply boards. Fourdriniers are common in the industry and can be used to produce virtually any grade of paper or paperboard. They vary from 1 to 10 meters in width and, including the press and dryer sections, may be more than 200 m long. 

The rotary compressor is adaptable to direct drive by the use of induction motors or multi-cylinder gasoline or diesel engines. These compressors are compact, relatively inexpensive, and require a minimum of operating attention and maintenance. They occupy a fraction of the space and weight of a reciprocating machine having equivalent capacity. 

Many plastic products are decorated to make them multi-colored, add distinctive logos, or allow them to imitate wood, metal and other materials. Some plastic products are painted since their as-molded appearance is not satisfactory, as may be the case with reinforced, filled or foamed plastics. Painting or coating is also for product protection. The following section will discuss some of the secondary operations frequently used with plastics. Since plastics vary widely in their ability to be machined and to accept finishes,... 

In 1989, Mitsui Mining and Smelting Co., Ltd. developed and introduced the first operational nondestructive automatic peach sweetness grading machine. Peaches graded by this system were differentiated as "sweetness guaranteed". The company has now developed the Multi-Purpose Sensor (MPS) for grading apples and Japanese pears, in addition to peaches, with a single unit. 

It is rare to use a Buss mixer for multi-stage compounding operations. In Figure 1-4, the output of the Buss mixer is directly fed into a feed screw machine where high pressure forces the compound through a die or into a pelletizer head. 

Figure 8-4. Multi-layer stentering machine (Courtesy of Bruckner GmbH), ventional entry and exit of single-layer stenter it is possible to obtain operating flexibility. The main advantages are the avoidance of longitudinal distortions and the ease of operation and maintenance with this ground level arrangement. The multi-layer stenter is available in versions with 3 or 5 fabric passes (layers).

Extruders can have different designs and modes of operation, e.g., single or multi-screw, continuous or discontinuous. The basic operation of the most widely used extruder for forming thermoplastics into finished products, the single screw extruder, will be reviewed in the next section. This provides the concepts that can be extended to other, more complex machines, viz. the multiscrew and specialty extruders discussed briefly in... 

A separate group of inhibited plastics includes such engineering materials as glues, sealants, plastic Cl carriers, multi-purpose lubricants and others (see Chap. 5). Inhibited glues are intended to form tight, nondetachable joints in machine parts operating in hostile media. Sealants are able to prevent permeation of the ambient media and create impermeable immovable joints of machine parts. 

Another abstraction of the hardware is the virtual machine. This has been available for decades in mainframe computers but only recently appeared in mainstream processors. The virtual machine abstraction takes virtual memory and multi-tasking a step further by more completely virtualizing the processor s capabilities. Virtual machines allow multiple operating systems to run concurrently. 

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