Multi failure

The technique can be extended to calculate the MTTF for any given failure state. If the metric of interest was mean time to dangerous failure in a multi-failure state Markov model then the model could be modified and the MTTF to a particular state could be calculated (see Ref. 3). 

The main aim of this paper is to present a generalized formula for degradations of physical properties for a product under more than one stressor. The formula is also expressed for multi-failure mode products. For numerical analysis, virtual sample method is presented to solve the system of differential equations. 

A subset of scenario independent procedures allowing control of the safety functions under all conditions, including multi-failure situations. 

This method is particularly suitable for problems with non-differentiable limit state functions, such as multi-failure-mode problems or "noisy" limit states (due to numerical errors). Since only the characteristic function of the failure domain is required, possible problems encountered when applying optimization procedures to find the design point may easily be avoided. It should be noted, that the general concept of adaptive sampling is not restricted to any particular type of joint probability density function. 

Beyond design basis accident Station blackout ATWS Multi-failure in transients. 

All of the contributions to the energy function presented above assume that pairwise interactions are sufficient to describe the situation within a molecule or molecular system. Whether or not multi-centered interactions are negligible is controversial. On the other hand, failure or success of a force field with its functional form and corresponding parameter set is not a matter of mathematics... 

Vapor Pressure The pressure exerted by a vapor above its own liquid. The higher the vapor pressure, the easier it is for a liquid to evaporate and fill the work area with vapors which can cause health or fire hazards. Venting Emergency flow of vessel contents out of a vessel. The pressure is controlled or reduced by venting, thus avoiding a failure of the vessel by overpressurization. The emergency flow can be one-phase or multi-phase, each of which results in different flow characteristics. 

Failure will be found to be multi-eausal, and to have multiple effeets. 

If an isotropic material is subjected to multi-axial stresses then the situation is slightly more complex but there are well established procedures for predicting failure. If a,i and Oy are applied it is not simply a question of ensuring that neither of these exceed ar- At values of and Oy below oj there can be a plane within the material where the stress reaches ot and this will initiate failure. 

A variety of methods have been suggested to deal with the prediction of failure under multi-axial stresses and some of these have been applied to composites. The main methods are... 

Comprehensive physicochemical characterization of any raw material is a crucial and multi-phased requirement for the selection and validation of that matter as a constituent of a product or part of the product development process (Morris et al., 1998). Such demand is especially important in the pharmaceutical industry because of the presence of several compounds assembled in a formulation, such as active substances and excipients, which highlights the importance of compatibility among them. Besides, variations in raw materials due to different sources, periods of extraction and various environmental factors may lead to failures in production and/or in the dosage form performance (Morris et al., 1998). Additionally, economic issues are also related to the need for investigating the physicochemical characteristics of raw materials since those features may determine the most adequate and low-cost material for specific procedures and dosage forms. 

Patients at greatest risk for mortality from acute pancreatitis are those who have multi-organ failure (e.g., hypotension, respiratory failure, or renal failure), pancreatic necrosis, obesity, volume depletion, greater than 70 years of age, and an elevated APACHE II score.3,4 The Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score is a rating scale of disease severity in critically ill patients. 

In another catheter failure study, two samples of multi-layer catheters were tested. One catheter was breaking while the other was known to be a "good" sample. The catheters were freeze-fractured in order to obtain a cross-section view for SEM analysis, which was used to determine the construction of the catheter layers. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was undertaken to identify the polymers used in the multi-layer catheter samples. 

As noted above, disagreement has often been observed among different studies on the effects of fiber, phytic acid and protein source on mineral utilization. Some possible reasons include (a) estimates of absorption from single meals (with or without previous consumption of the same foods used in the test meal which may also affect results) may not always be equivalent to results from multi-day balance studies, (b) in balance studies, the failure to allow sufficient time (e.g., 1-2 weeks or more) for adaptation may alter the findings, (c) variations in the compositions of meals or diets, including mineral levels, between studies may influence the results obtained, and (d) the persons used as subjects vary and this may have an affect. In addition, in the fiber studies, the levels, types, and particle size of fiber fed have varied widely and levels of other possibly confounding components (e.g., caffeine, tanins, oxalates) may have differed. 

Cyclopamine also interferes with cholesterol metabolism that results in decreased cholesterol synthesis and the accumulation of late biosynthetic intermediates. Cyclopamine was evaluated as an inhibitor of multi-drug resistance in tumor cells. Intrinsic or acquired resistance of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs is a major cause of failure of chemotherapy. Both cyclopamine and the spirosolane alkaloid tomatidine from tomatoes act as potent and elfective chemosensitizers in multidrug-resistant cells (Lavie et ah, 2001). Therefore, plant steroidal alkaloids, such as cyclopamine and tomatidine, or their analogs, may serve as chemosensitizers in combination with chemotherapy and conventional cytotoxic drugs for treating multidrug-resistant cancers. 

In principle, the analytical results obtained by the GPC spin column/HPLC ESI-MS methodology described in this chapter should be similar to the results obtained using the tandem chromatographic method of GPC/reversed-phase HPLC ESI-MS described in Chapter 3. There are practical advantages for each method. Since each of the chromatographic and mass spectral steps are done serially for the GPC spin column/HPLC ESI-MS methodology, each of the steps can be performed and optimized individually. In the event of mass spectrometer failure, the production of spin column eluate samples can proceed and samples can be stored for future analysis. In contrast, the parallel methodology of tandem GPC/ reversed-phase HPLC ESI-MS requires the simultaneous optimization of multi-... 

Multi-organ failure syndrome Patients recovering from dehydration myeloma... 

FE data have been collected from the fracture of a wide variety of single and multi-component solids, ranging from single crystals of molecular solids to fiber-reinforced composites, and also from the peeling of adhesives 0-16 ). In this paper, we will restrict our attention to FE arising from the failure of polymer composites (fibrous and particulate), and the individual components thereof (fibers and matrix resins). 

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