Mucous membrane damage

Sodium hypochlorite (NaHOO) (bleach) 3.4 Can cause severe eye, skin, and mucous membrane damage. Can release chlorine gas (Cb>. Wear gloves, goggles. Use with local exhaust ventilation. 

Very high and repeated doses of lindane caused kidney, pancreas, testes, and nasal mucous membrane damage in animals. There have been reported links of lindane to immune system damage however, these results have not been amply demonstrated in test animals or in humans in a long-term study.48 Evaluation of several studies has indicated that the evidences on carcinogenicity and mutagenicity are contradictory and inadequate.14,48,50... 

Because of the high vapor pressure of the simple quinones and their penetrating odor, adequate ventilation must be provided in areas where these quinones are handled or stored. Quinone vapor can harm the eyes, and a limit of 0.1 ppm of 1,4-benzoquinone in air has been recommended. Quinone in either sohd or solution form can cause severe local damage to the skin and mucous membranes. Swallowing benzoquinones may be fatal the LD q in rat is 130 mg/kg orally and 0.25 mg/kg intravenously. There is insufficient data concerning quinones and cancer. The higher quinones are less of a problem because of their decreased volatihty (118—120). 

The fumes of zinc chloride are highly toxic and can damage mucous membranes and cause pale gray cyanation. It can also ulcerate the skin of workers using it as a soldering flux or those handling wood impregnated with it (59). 

Chloroformates, especially those of low molecular weight, are lachrimators, vesicants, and produce effects similar to those of hydrogen chloride or carboxyhc acid chlorides. They can also irritate the skin and mucous membranes, producing severe bums and possible irreversible tissue damage. 

Toxicity of 2-Ghloroethanol. Ethylene chlorohydrin is an irritant and is toxic to the Hver, kidneys, and central nervous system. In addition, it is rapidly absorbed through the skin (73). The vapor is not sufficiently irritating to the eyes and respiratory mucous membranes to prevent serious systemic poisoning. Contact of the Hquid in the eyes of rabbits causes moderately severe injury, but in humans corneal bums have been known to heal within 48 hours. Several human fataUties have resulted from inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion. One fatahty was caused by exposure to an estimated 300 ppm in air for 2.25 hours. In another fatal case, autopsy revealed pulmonary edema and damage to the Hver, kidneys, and brain (73). 

The effects of dmgs and adjuvants must be assessed, both in short-term administration and during chronic treatment. Local effects include changes in mucocihary clearance, cell damage, and irritation. Chronic erosion of the mucous membrane may lead to inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and deterioration of normal nasal function (76). 

Direct eye contact with liquid produces injury, generally transient, to the corneal epithelium. The liquid is mildly imtating to the skin due to the degreasing effect repeated contact may cause dermatitis. Ingestion of substantial quantities of liquid can damage the mucous membranes, and produce acute effects ranging from mild discomfort to profound anaesdiesia. 

Lead, because of its history as an air emission, has been fairly mobile and is particularly soluble in acid environments. Silver is used widely in the electronics industry. Intake of silver compounds can result in permanent discoloration of the skin and may result in damage to kidneys, lungs, mucous membranes, and other organs. 

The toxic action of bromine is similar to that of chlorine and can cause physiological damage to humans through inhalation and oral routes. It is an irritant to the mucous membranes of the eyes and upper respiratory tract. Severe exposures may result in pulmonary edema. Chronic exposure is similar to therapeutic ingestion of excessive bromides. 

Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. Even in fairly low concentrations, it causes painful skin burns and severe damage to eyes and the respiratory system. Exposure at higher levels results in destruction of tissues and death. No one in l e.xas City was exposed to more than trace concentrations of hydrofluoric acid. The acid vessel had a capacity of about 850 barrels of which a small fraction was released. 

Toxicity. It is a lacrymator and irritates the skin mucous membranes, especially of the respiratory tract (Ref 26). Prolonged exposure to vapors causes damage to liver, kidneys, and other organs. Concn in air of 0.1 ppm is fatal and 3.3ppm or higher are rapidly fatal (Ref 47, p 1156). Its threshold limit value in air is set at lppm (Ref 47, p 22)... 

Oxalic acid is caustic and corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. Ingestion may cause severe gastroenteritis with vomiting, diarrhea and melana. Renal damage can occur as result of formation of excessive Ca oxalate. Severe poisoning can end fatally. Tolerance,... 

T. pallidum rapidly penetrates intact mucous membranes or microscopic dermal abrasions, and within a few hours, enters the lymphatics and blood to produce systemic illness. During the secondary stage, examinations commonly demonstrate abnormal findings in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). As the infection progresses, the parenchyma of the brain and spinal cord may subsequently be damaged. 

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