Mucosa immunity

Immune Defense. Figure 1 Innate immune responses after challenge of skin or mucosa Acute inflammation and priming of adaptive immunity. 

In addition to IL-10, TGF-(3 is a key cytokine in immune tolerance. It was investigated whether orally administered TGF-(3, such as TGF-(3 in human milk, retains and exerts its activity in the intestinal mucosa and can induce immune tolerance to dietary antigens. In a relevant mice model the oral administration of TGF-(3 increased activation and response in TGF-(3-related responsive elements and increased serum TGF-(3 levels [118]. BALB/c mice treated orally with OVA and TGF-(3 showed augmented... 

In addition to the wasting of muscle tissue, loss of intestinal mucosa, and impaired immune responses seen in marasmus, children with kwashiorkor show a number of characteristic feamres. The defining characteristic is edema, associated with a decreased concentration of plasma proteins. In addition, there is enlargement of... 

The morbidity and mortality that are often associated with human GI helminth infections reflect in part the nutritional consequences of diarrhoea and malabsorption, and the resulting malnutrition that can accentuate the effects of infection by suppressing the protective immune response as well as compromising intestinal repair (Ferguson et al., 1980 Keymer and Tarlton, 1991 Cooper et al, 1992). In experimental rodents the pathology associated with infection is characterized by villus atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia and infiltration of the mucosa by a variety of... 

Macpherson A.J., Geuking M.B. and McCoy K.D. (2005). Immune responses that adapt the intestinal mucosa to commensal intestinal bacteria . Immunology, 115, 153-163. 

Knutton S, Lloyd DR, McNeish AS Identification of a new fimbrial structure in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) serotype 0148 H28 which adheres to human intestinal mucosa A potentially new human ETEC colonization factor. Infect Immun 1987 55 86-92. 

In addition to these well-characterized adaptive immune defenses, amphibians have an array of innate immune defenses. These include complement-mediated defenses [13], Natural Killer cells (NK) [14], phagocytic cells [15], and antimicrobial peptides secreted into the gut and skin mucosa [16, 17],... 

Tolo K (1974) Penetration of human albumin through the oral mucosa of guinea-pigs immunized to this protein. Arch Oral Biol 19 259-263... 

Freter, R., O Brien, P. C., and Macsai, M. S. (1981). Role of chemotaxis in the association of motile bacteria with intestinal mucosa In vivo studies. Infect. Immun. 34, 324—340. 

Rokbi, B., Seguin, D., Guy, B., Mazarin, V., Vidor, E., Mion, F., Cadoz, M., and Quentin-Millet, M.-J. (2001). Assessment of Helicobacter pylori gene expression within mouse and human gastric mucosae by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR. Infect. Immun. 69, 4759 766. 

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