Motivation principles

Box 7.3 demonstrates the application of motivation principles to safety problems in industry. 

One of the motivations for studying Van der Waals complexes and clusters is that they are floppy systems with similarities to the transition states of chemical reactions. This can be taken one stage further by studying clusters that actually are precursors for chemical reactions, and can be broken up to make more than one set of products. A good example of this is H2-OH, which can in principle dissociate to fonn either H2 + OH or H2O + H. Indeed, dissociation to H2 O -t H is energetically favoured the reaction H2 + OH—> H2 O -t H is exothennic by about 5000... 

These pioneers understood the interplay between chemical equiUbrium and reaction kinetics indeed, Haber s research, motivated by the development of a commercial process, helped to spur the development of the principles of physical chemistry that account for the effects of temperature and pressure on chemical equiUbrium and kinetics. The ammonia synthesis reaction is strongly equiUbrium limited. The equiUbrium conversion to ammonia is favored by high pressure and low temperature. Haber therefore recognized that the key to a successful process for making ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen was a catalyst with a high activity to allow operation at low temperatures where the equiUbrium is relatively favorable. 

Transfer of Momentum Deceleration of one fluid (motivating fluid) in order to transfer its momentum to a second fluid (pumped fluid) is a principle commonly used in the handhng of corrosive materials, in pumping from inaccessible depths, or for evacuation. Jets and eductors are in this categoiy. 

In all these examples of Pasteur s principle in action, surprise was occasioned by the mismatch between initial quantitative theory and the results of accurate measurement, and the surprise led to the resolution of the paradox. The principle remains one of the powerful motivating influences in the development of materials science. 

In view of this apparent contradictory outcome from the transport and magnetic properties, we were motivated to investigate the dynamics of the charge excitation spectrum by optical methods. In fact, the optical measurement is a powerful contactless experimental tool which should in principle allow to unfold the disagreement between and p(7 since the optical response of a metal... 

The basic premise of the SLIM technique is that the probability of error associated with a task, subtask, task step, or individual error is a function of the PIFs in the situation. As indicated in Chapter 3, an extremely large number of PIFs could potentially impact on the likelihood of error. Normally the PIFs that are considered in SLIM analyses are the direct influences on error such as levels of training, quality of procedures, distraction level, degree of feedback from the task, level of motivation, etc. However, in principle, there is no reason why higher level influences such as management policies should not also be incorporated in SLIM analyses. 

Steam jet thermocompressors or steam boosters are used to boost or raise the pressure of low pressure steam to a pressure intermediate bettveen this and the pressure of the motive high pressure steam. These are useful and economical when the steam balance allows the use of the necessary pressure levels. The reuse of exhaust steam from turbines is frequently encountered. The principle of operation is the same as for other ejectors. The position of the nozzle with respect to the diffuser is critical, and care must be used to properly posidon all gaskets, etc. The thermal efficiency is high as the only heat loss is due to radiation [5]. 

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is a self-help organization for people whose common goal is recovery from alcoholism, and it is the most widely accessed resource for individuals with alcohol problems (McCrady and Miller 1993). The philosophy is based on the concept of alcoholism as a chronic disease that cannot be cured, but one that can be halted by means of complete abstinence. AA has described 12 principles or steps to guide those in recovery. Twelve-step facilitation, a manual-based psychotherapy to promote AA participation (Nowinski et al. 1992), was equally efficacious, compared with cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement therapies, in a large study of treatments for alcohol dependence (Project Match Research Group, 1997). 

This serves to motivate the validity of the maximum principle with regard to equation (58) supplied by the homogeneous boundary conditions (55). By utilizing this fact it is plain to show that the estimate holds ... 

Motivation and Principle. Broadened reflections are characteristic for soft matter. The reason for such broadening is predominantly both the short range of order among the particles in the structural entities, and imperfect orientation of the entities themselves. A powerful method for the separation of these two contributions is Ruland s streak method [30-34], Short range of order makes that the reflection is considerably extended in the radial direction of reciprocal space - often it develops the shape of a streak. This makes it practically possible to measure reflection breadths separately on several11 nested shells in reciprocal space. As a function of shell diameter one of the contributions is constant, whereas the other is changing12. If the measurement is performed on spheres (azimuthal), the orientation component is constant. 

The principles of operation of a hydraulic actuator are like those of the pneumatic actuator. Each uses some motive force to overcome spring force to move the valve. Also, hydraulic actuators can be designed to fail-open or fail-closed to provide a fail-safe feature. 

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