Motivated behaviour

Masterman DL and Cummings JL (1997). Frontal-subcortical circuits The anatomic basis of executive, social and motivated behaviours. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 11, 99-106. 

These results led to the suggestion that the functional unit of reward is a population of individual neurons ( hedonistic neurons ) scattered around reward areas of the brain which are specifically responsive to certain transmitters and are presumably connected to pathways controlling motivated behaviour. Phillips and Fibiger (1989) demonstrated an increase in dopamine metabolism, synthesis and release in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens during ICSS in rats, an increase proportional to the stimulation rate and intensity. 

Hastings We don t see the world through a hamster s eye, so we don t understand why they run in a wheel. This has something to do with motivation, presumably. What about motivational aspects to your pharmacological treatment These animals are clearly healthy at the end of that treatment, so what about these other rhythmic behavioural parameters that are normally linked into this motivated behaviour of wheel running ... 

Ryan, C. (2002b) Motives, behaviours, body and mind. In C. Ryan (ed.) The Tourist Experience (2nd edn pp. 27-57). London Continuum. 

The following findings are of particular interest activation of the area of the human brain known to be an important source of the chemically distinct brain activation pattern in animal REM activation of a vast area of the limbic forebrain which is known to mediate emotion and to motivate behaviour in humans activation of the limbic areas controlling emotion, especially fear and activation of multimodal association areas of the brain. 

MacMahon, S. and S. Kermode 1998. A clinical trial of the effect of aromatherapy on motivational behaviour in a dementia care setting using a single subject design. Aust. J. Holist. Nurs., 5 47-49. 

What Ulleberg (2002) manages to do is to link attitudes, motives, behaviour and accidents with personality traits. Through the use of cluster analysis he discerns... 

The prime aim of the role is to improve pupils attainment, motivation, behaviour, attendance and attitude to learning. Further aims are to reduce exclusions as well as to work towards removing particular barriers to learning, including the mental health issues that a wide number of pupils present. 

An even coarser description is attempted in Ginzburg-Landau-type models. These continuum models describe the system configuration in temis of one or several, continuous order parameter fields. These fields are thought to describe the spatial variation of the composition. Similar to spin models, the amphiphilic properties are incorporated into the Flamiltonian by construction. The Flamiltonians are motivated by fiindamental synnnetry and stability criteria and offer a unified view on the general features of self-assembly. The universal, generic behaviour—tlie possible morphologies and effects of fluctuations, for instance—rather than the description of a specific material is the subject of these models. 

Supporting the mentee through organizational and personal change - for the mentee, this can be a difficult and even painful experience involving the discarding of many well-established mindsets and behaviours a mentor s support is very much needed to maintain direction and motivation. 

As a result of these observations it has been suggested that DA released in the nucleus accumbens is important in motivation by linking reward (especially when it is food) with the motor activity required to achieve it (Mogenson, Jones and Yim 1980). It is difficult, however, to distinguish a pure behavioural role for DA in actually initiating the sense of reward and motivation from its undisputed part in facilitating the motor response necessary to obtain the reward, e.g. a lever press in rats. 

A number of academic and industry research papers into consumer behaviour and motivation for buying organic food are now available. The results so far have been inconsistent and, at times, contradictory. However, this may be due to the different methodologies used. 

Brown B (1973). Additional characteristic EEG differences between heavy smokers and non-smoker subjects. In WL Dunn (ed.), Smoking Behaviour Motives and Incentives. 

There are some external evidences from systematic research in the field. As for other Evidence based medicines principles, these evidences have to be used together with the knowledge of the individual patient characteristics. As described previously the physicians have difficulties in appraising the compliance behaviour of their patients. Therefore it is important to identify possible non-compliance based also on knowledge, attitudes and motivational aspects as described above. 

MAS has been applied to a highly viscous cubic phase of a lyotropic LC formed by 1-monooleolyl-rac-glycerol and water in order to obtain liquid-like and 13C spectra.330 Deuterium, sodium, and fluorine NMR spectroscopy have been applied to study the phase behaviour of several dilute lamellar systems formed by low concentrations of an ra-hexadecylpyridinium salt, a sodium salt (e.g., NaBr, NaCl, or sodium trifluoroacetate), 1-hexanol, and D20.331 The 2H, 19F, and 23Na splittings were used to monitor the phase equilibria. The last two studies are motivated by the search of new lyotropic LC for the alignment of biomolecules. 

Besides the economic reasons behind this priority setting of companies, public administrations and private households, there are also psychosocial, motivational and behavioural aspects, which have rarely been analysed except by some sociologists and psychologists in the 1990s (e.g., Jochem et al, 2000 Stern, 1992). Social relations, such as competitive behaviour, mutual estimation and acceptance, not only play a role between, but also within companies. Efforts to improve energy efficiency... 

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