Time and motion

A time-and-motion modeling mind-set can easily blinker analysis of how best to improve the value created by research. Truly useful simulations of drug discovery must go beyond simplistic assumptions about yields at stage gates and address the causes of failure, starting to quantify the common concept of pipeline quality. ... 

If analytical methods are at the heart of biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, then protein concentration methods are the workhorse assays. A time and motion study of the discovery, development, and manufacture of a protein-based product would probably confirm the most frequently performed assay to be protein concentration. In the 1940s Oliver H. Lowry developed the Lowry method while attempting to detect miniscule amounts of substances in blood. In 1951 his method was published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry. In 1996 the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) reported that this article had been cited almost a quarter of a million times, making it the most cited research article in history. This statistic reveals the ubiquity of protein measurement assays and the resilience of an assay developed over 60 years ago. The Lowry method remains one of the most popular colorimetric protein assays in biopharmaceutical development, although many alternative assays now exist. 

Such ideas were in the air, however. In the 1880s and 1890s management theorist Frederick W. Taylor studied the motion of people at work. He believed that production could be made more efficient by seeing where time and motion were wasted, then designing better work methods. 

TECHNIQUES FOR DETERMINING RELAXATION TIMES AND MOTIONAL PARAMETERS... 

Figure 194 depicts the cam drive schematically. Cam and lever arrangements are used to convert rotary motion to linear movement. Pressing speed, timing, and motion are adjustable by changing the contours of the cams or cam inserts. 

Production and cost determination for the JD 1490 were outside the objectives of the current study. However, a team led by Dr. David W. Patterson collected time and motion and cost data, which were published in a MS Thesis in 2006. The data shown in Table 3 are from this study [8]. These results show the bundles and tons per hour production rate and costs by stand type. 

Phase memory time and motional narrowed width (yc 2r) ... 

Measure the design of the existing job or team. A questionnaire methodology may be used as well as other analysis tools such as job analysis, time and motion study, and variance analysis. The goal is to gain a measure of the job as it currently exists. 

Time and motion studies of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth [Gilbreth and Gilbreth, 1917]... 

Time and motion Specific behavior categories Social interaction Objective test scores Self-measurements... 

Industrial or occupational safety and health professionals have been involved for some time now in the analysis of tasks that must be performed in the workplace and the human interface that must occur in order to accomplish a given task. In actuality, the modern methods of task analysis and job analysis were initially developed as a result of the somewhat historic time and motion studies conducted in the early twentieth cenmry. These techniques were later enhanced further during the U.S. Department of Labor s efforts in occupational analysis conducted in 1930. These... 

Unfortunately, Lean doesn t necessarily mean safer though the two should go hand in hand. After all, a poorly designed task that requires a worker to reach excessively is not only inefficient, requiring more time and motion than needed, hut is also likely to cause injury. Similarly, a worker lifting materials heyond his or her own capabilities takes more time and energy to perform the task and runs the risk of overexertion. 

Work-study, including time and motion studies, looked at efficient ways to design production. Tayloristic production-line methods paid too little attention to the whole person and their needs and, although they are now recognized as a mistake, they may have been the best approach in, for example, the World War II production of Liberty ships. 

Another justification is found in the undisputed success of Scientific Management Theory. Introduced by the American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor at the beginning of the twentieth century. Scientific Management had demonstrated how a breakdown of tasks and activities could serve as the basis for improving work efficiency and had by the 1930s established time-and-motion studies as a practical technique. The basic principles of Scientific Management are ... 

It should be noted that the photodiodes are not only independent from each other in their exposure time, they also differ in size. The photodiode used for the short exposure is smaller than the photodiode used for the long exposure. Thus, the smaller photodiode induces the drawback that the sensitivity is reduced and therefore the noise level is increased. This aspect however, shall be discussed with timing and motion artifacts and sensitivity in mind. Reducing one photodiode s size frees up space for the other photodiode and makes it more sensitive to low hght areas in the captured scene. 

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