Reflection approximation

Every iadustry has its owa sease of what a reasoaable royalty might be. Whereas earned royalties are usually based oa aet sales, a very rough rule of thumb is that an earned royalty reflects approximately 25% of profits earned on the particular technology. Minimum royalties are often based on one-fourth to one-thind of a conservative projection of sales. 

Several refineries, tank farms, and other petroleum-handling facilities nationwide are included on the EPA 1996 National Priorities List, or are regulated under RCRA. Such facilities present several potential subsurface environmental concerns, reflecting approximately 80 years of continued operation. These concerns include ... 

Fig. 3.6 (a) Stereographic projection map of a (001) oriented cubic crystal. The facet sizes reflect approximately those of the field ion image of a fee crystal. 

We also carried out ELISA assays to determine the TGF-pj protein levels in FBC tissues. By measuring acid-stable and acid-labile fractions, we were able to measure the latent TGF-p i protein and the active TGF-p i protein. The total TGF-p i protein in day 7,21, and 48-55 FBC tissues was approximately 20,13, and 10 times as much as in control tissues, respectively. These increases were reflected approximately equally in both the active and the latent TGF-p i protein. These data indicate that TGF-Pi expression is elevated throughout FBC development and parallels closely the time course of the RNA transcripts. Specifically, we found that on day 7 both TGF-p mRNA and protein levels were found to be significantly higher than those at the other two time points (p < 0.05).16... 

A widely-used model in this class is the direct-interaction with product repulsion (DIPR) model [173—175], which assumes that a generalised force produces a known total impulse between B and C. The final translational energy of the products is determined by the initial orientation of BC, the repulsive energy released into BC and the form of the repulsive force as the products separate. This latter can be obtained from experiment or may be assumed to take some simple form such as an exponential decay with distance. Another method is to calculate this distribution from the quasi-diatomic reflection approximation often used for photodissociation [176]. This is called the DIPR—DIP model ( distributed as in photodissociation ) and has given good agreement for the product translational and rotational energy distributions from the reactions of alkali atoms with methyl iodide. 

Figure 6 shows the sensitivity of hydrogen price to feedstock price, all plotted on the same scale. It should be noted that the "feedstock for electrolysis is electric power, not primary fuel, so that capital costs and inefficiencies associated with power generation are included in the raw material cost. The circles on this figure represent the base case for our calculations and reflect approximately realistic values for raw material costs for large-scale plants in 1979. 

This figure reflects approximately 55% of the actual figures of approximately 372,000 victims. This suggests that the number of 53,445 victims for the seven other camps registered at Arolsen should be doubled in this case one arrives at approximately (372,000 + 107,000 =) 479,000 victims for the fourteen concentration camps. 

If one assumes that the densities of the electronically excited states, from which the observed emissions originate, are directly proportional to those of the ground state, the emission intensity profiles reflect approximately the species concentrations, especially at constant pressure. Therefore, the above results may indicate that, under the same operating conditions, almost the same quantity of CH radicals exist in CH4 and CH3OH cascade arc plasmas. From the OES spectra assignment, CH radicals are the only reactive species that could be attributed to the growth of plasma polymers in both CH4 and CH3OH cascade arc plasmas. 

These results, as well as a negligible change of C=C stretching frequencies upon coordination (50-150 cm with respect to 200-250 cm for acetylene complexes), reflect approximately equal n- and o-component... 

The high and low estimates reflect approximately a 95% confidence interval. As we can see there is considerable uncertainty in the estimates. 

Approximately 350 W/m2 of solar radiation would be received on average at Earth s surface if atmospheric effects are ignored. Earth reflects approximately 35% of received radiation. Use the Stefan-Boltzmann law—Eq. [4-42]—to solve for T, equating the average solar radiation that would be absorbed by Earth s surface under these conditions to the rate of reradiation ... 

FIGURE 30.11 The phase problem. The experimental data obtained in an X-ray experiment are the intensities of the reflections. By using an inverse Fourier transform, it is possible to calculate electron-density maps from these intensities. However, it is essential for this calculation to know the phase associated with each reflection. Approximate initial phases can be obtained from heavy-atom derivatives, anomalous dispersion or molecular replacement (see text). More accurate phases can be derived from the refined model, once it has been obtained. 

One of the complications in interpreting the observations of the occurrence of cellulose IV is that its X-ray diffraction powder pattern is very similar to that of cellulose I. The 020 reflection is nearly identical to that of cellulose I and the 110 and 1—10 reflections collapse into a single reflection approximately midway between those of cellulose I. As a result, many of the less well-ordered native celluloses produce X-ray patterns that could equally well be interpreted as indicating cellulose I, but with inadequate resolution of the 110 and 1—10 reflections, or as indicating cellulose IV. They are usually characterized as indicating cellulose I because they represent celluloses derived from native sources. Indeed, when cellulose IV was first observed, it was thought to be a less ordered form of cellulose 1. 

Figure 7.3 Reflection approximation Potential energy curves, repulsive wavefunctions, and intensity distribution for CI2 (from Herzberg, 1950, p.392). The wavefunctions are shown as thin full lines and Xv"=ol2 s shown as a dashed curve. The lower state x 2 is reflected on the upper state potential curve to give the spectral intensity distribution. The reflection approximation amounts to replacing the upper state wavefunction by a (5-function (shown as a narrow dashed curve labeled <5) at the turning point.

Figure 7.3 illustrates the reflection approximation. A detailed discussion of the stationary phase approximation and how that approximation permits the... 

The width, ct of the spectrum is as determined from the reflection approximation (1) which relates the width to the slope F of the upper potential energy curve at the center of the band,... 

The four main spectral features of XPS are best illustrated in the Cls core-level spectrum of poly-(ethylene terephthalate) film shown in Figure 3.2 [35]. The overall spectrum (solid line) is curve-fitted (deconvoluted) with four Gaussian peak components (dashed curves). The main Cls component at the BE of 285.0 eV is assigned to the six carbon atoms of the benzene ring, the peak component at 286.8 eV to the ester carbons, and the third peak at 289.0 eV to the two carboxyl carbons. The 6 2 2 stoichiometric ratio of carbon functionality is reflected approximately by the... 

If an attempt is made to reflect approximately parallel and monochromatic x-rays from a plane surface of any single crystal, it will be found that, contrary to the phenomenon of normal reflection from a mirror, no appreciable intensity of reflected radiation is obtained unless the condition expressed by Bragg s law of reflection is rigorously fulfilled. This condition is determined by the spatial arrangement of the system. Bragg s law states that a strong reinforcement of the incident ray occurs only if... 

Figures are estimates from literature research over several years by the BCSP staff and reflect approximate/known numbers.

Xu(0 is the uth harmonic oscillator wavefunction, and s is measured from Thus I e) is basically given by the square of x reflected by the linear potential hence the name reflection approximation for this approach. 

The sample consisted of N = 131 apphcants, n = 115 males, and n = 16 females. The ratio of males versus females reflects approximately the typical ratio of pilot apphcant groups. The mean age was 20.9 years. The data was collected between May and July 2010. 

Sinusoidal modulation of n and a Slanted gratings Two-wave solution (plane waves) Bragg or near-Bragg solutions TE (H-mode, p) or TM (E-mode, p) polarizations Transmission and reflection gratings Neglects second derivatives No boundary reflections Approximate boundary conditions (E only) Neglects higher order waves... 

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