Polymer imaging

For the spectroscopist today it is very important to choose the right method, after a cost-benefit analysis, to match the demands of the customer or serve the purpose of his research as effectively as possible. For the characterization of heterogeneous polymers a broad range of methods and instruments is available. We have tried to list the most important of them, and to emphasize their pros and cons when used for polymer imaging. 

NMR and ESR are both well-established spectroscopic methods. Despite their still relatively poor spatial resolution with polymer imaging, the number of applications and publications in these fields is growing steadily. 

Garcia-Meitin, E. 1., Bar, G., Blackson, J., and Reuschle, D., High Resolution Polymer Imaging Using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Microscopy and Microanalysis, 14 (Suppl. 2), 1380 (2008)... 

Comparison of Conventional Silver Emulsion and Unconventional Polymer Image Recording... 

A number of radiative treatment techniques have been identified to be successful in improving the image stability of diazoquinone resists. These radiative treatments introduce cross-links and increase the glass transition temperature (Tg), while also improving the mechanical strength of the polymer image. These... 

Although apparently detrimental for applications of photo-initiated polymerization in photoimaging systems, a high-vlscoslty medium yields very sharp polymer images. This is due to two compensating factors a higher viscosity increases the lifetime of the Initiating species but also limits their diffusion. 

Ultrathin films of poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA) have been investigated to demonstrate the ability of single polymer imaging, because they form a stable monolayer on the water surface with a thickness of only 1 nm, and sequential deposition of the monolayer provides very flat thin films with a tailor made inner structure [61]. Scheme 2 depicts the chemical structures of sample polymers. Besides the non-labeled PiBMA homopolymer, a labeled PiBMA (PiBMA-Pe) was synthesized by means of copolymerization of isobutyl methacrylate and 3-perylenylmethyl methacrylate. The copolymer... 

STEM imaging has higher resolution in very thick films of polymers (several micrometers thick). The advantage over the TEM is greatest for disordered, low atomic number materials [59] and least for single crystals of heavier atoms [60]. Advantages of STEM for polymer imaging are ... 

Polymers, Mixing Behavior Of Mixing Behavior of Polymers image... 

Photosensitive polymers—image formation coatings Methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, dodecyl, etc. France 1,555,957 vinyl 1969 GAF... 

In contrast to the above described process, thin films of soluble 3-hexylPT can be cross-linked and thus be made insoluble by radiation with UV/visible light [132, 133], Irradiation of thin polymeric films through a photomask and subsequent development with a suitable solvent leaves a polymer image of the mask. The resulting polymer pattern can be made electrically conductive by a chemical oxidation process. Such electronically conductive channels can be fabricated using conventional photolithographic techniques. 

In another review [253], Magonov and Yerina described a wide range of polymers imaged by... 

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