Monosaccharides chromatography

Maltose (H2O) [6363-53-7] M 360.3, m 118 . Purified by chromatography from aqueous soln on to a charcoal/Celite (1 1) column, washed with water to remove glucose and other monosaccharides, then eluted with aqueous 75% EtOH. Crystd from water, aqueous EtOH or EtOH containing 1% nitric acid. Dried as the monohydrate at room temperature under vacuum over H2SO4 or P2O5. 

Shortly afterwards, Westphal, Liideritz, and their coworkers using the newly developed method of paper chromatography, found a new class of sugars in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria, and identified them as 3,6-dideoxyhexoses. This work is summarized in Ref. 4. These discoveries initiated more-systematic investigations of hydrolyzates from bacterial polysaccharides, and a number of new monosaccharides were completely or partially identified. This development has been summarized by Ashwell and Hickman. ... 

The concentration of cell wall monosaccharides was analyzed by gas chromatography (4). Determination of total and free acids was performed according to Ehwald et al. (5). Cell wall size exclusion limits were measured as decribed by Ehwald et al. (6). 

The content of galacturonic acid in the fractions, obtained by gel chromatography, was determined by the carbazole method (9), and the content of neutral monosaccharides was determined by the anthron reaction (16). 

Peelen, G. O. H., de Jong, J. G. N., and Wevers, R. A., High-performance liquid chromatography of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides in a complex biological matrix, Anal. Biochem., 198, 334, 1991. 

Tomiya, N., Suzuki, T., Awaya, J., Mizuno, K., Matsubara, A., Nakano, K., and Kurono, M., Determination of monosaccharides and sugar alcohols in tissues from diabetic rats by high-performance liquid chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, Anal. Biochem., 206, 98, 1992. 

Yokota, H., Mori, K., Yamaguchi, H., Kaniwa, H., and Saisho, N., Monosaccharide composition of palmiteplase by anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection, /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 21, 767, 1999. 

Dermatan sulfate, also termed chondroitin sulfate B, a related glycosaminoglycan constituent of connective tissue, was known to be composed of galactosamine and a uronic acid, originally believed to be glucuronic acid but then claimed to be iduronic acid based largely on color reactions and paper chromatography. However, the d or L-enantiomer status of the latter monosaccharide was not clear. Jeanloz and Stoffyn unequivocally characterized the monosaccharide as L-iduronic acid by consecutive desulfation, reduction, and hydrolysis of the polysaccharide, followed by isolation of the crystalline 2,3,4-tri-0-acetyl-l,6-anhydro-/ -L-idopyranose, which was shown to be identical to an authentic specimen synthesized from 1,2-0-isopropylidene-/ -L-idofuranose.34... 

The introduction of g.l.c. for oligosaccharide analysis constituted a major breakthrough in the field. In addition to strategies for accurate and sensitive quantitation of monosaccharide type (19,20), chiral procedures may be adopted for enantiomeric (d and l) determination (21). The sensitivity of h.p.a.e. chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection now provides an alternative to g.l.c. for oligosaccharide compositional analysis (22). 

Yttri, K. E., Dye, C., Slordal, L. H., and Braathen, O. A., Quantification of monosaccharide anhydrides by liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry Application to aerosol samples from an urban and a suburban site influenced by small-scale wood burning. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 55(S), 1169-1177, 2005. 

Montreuil and coworkers101 have reviewed the problems associated with the determination of monosaccharides, and, although their review is not concerned with gas-liquid chromatography, many of the points discussed are pertinent. 

Deliberate partial trimethylsilylation may be used as a means of distinguishing between various monosaccharides,199 and the nature of minor components formed on trimethylsilylation has been studied by mass spectrometry. Trimethylsilylation has been used in the separation of deuterated monosaccharides,200-203 and such deuterated trimethylsilyl derivatives as penta-0-(trimethyl-dliquid chromatography and mass spectrometry.143... 

The acetates of monosaccharides are sufficiently volatile that they may be used for gas-liquid chromatography, but they are less readily formed than the trimethylsilyl derivatives, and still present the problem of anomeric derivatives (see Section IV, p. 38). They are, therefore, rarely used, but the method is discussed in Section V.2 (see p. 49), and the known cases are presented in Table II (see p. 111). 

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