Monopolies, economics

The Liberty League framed its program as a defense of constitutional liberties. The New Deal was condemned without nuance as not merely unconstitutional, but a stepping stone to dictatorship. The only remedy for economic troubles was to let things be if Roosevelt had not interfered, the depression would have resolved itself. The Jeffersonian rhetoric fell flat the du Ponts avid pursuit of monopoly economic power was known to all. The League was left to stand on a platform of resistance to New Deal economics. Unvarnished... 

From about 1815, fast vessels gave Salem, Massachusetts a virtual monopoly of the pepper trade with Sumatra. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the spice trade began to play a secondary role ia economic and pohtical influence. The demand for spices ia the United States directed the shift of the occidental spice center to New York while the oriental center was at Siagapore. 

Drug prices In many countries drag prices are regulated by the government. The main reason for this lies in the monopoly that patents provide for new products. Should/can economic evaluation play a part in this ... 

Spot demand price elasticity is not a forecasted parameter but needs to be derived analytically. As specified in the value chain characteristics in subchapter 3.2 the company does not have a monopoly in the market and sales decision of the company do not influence the market price. Therefore, elasticity is not determined from a macro-economic perspective considering market prices but from a micro-economic perspective analyzing the specific spot demand forecasts the company receives. Table 24 provides the detailed steps of the algorithm for determining elasticity and the price-... 

Why devote so much space to the discovery of penicillin Simply because penicillin was the first NP to be made in massive amounts in factory scale fermentations, because of its remarkable biomolecular properties. This showed, for the first time, that microbi-ally produced NPs were economically accessible to large populations of humans and that chemists had no monopoly on synthetic methods for the pharmaceutical industry. The story also tells us that a worldwide search for cultures best suited to making penicillin showed that it is the rare organism that makes antibiotics in large amounts, a conclusion confirmed by the next part of the story of antibiotics. 

Kitch, Edmund W. 1986. Patents Monopolies or Property Rights Research in Law and Economics. 8 31-50. 

Key words EU gas directive, Norwegian natural gas transportation systems, economic and legislative regulation, natural monopoly, tariff regulation, security of supply... 

This paper examines some of the major events and regulatory issues that have been introduced and implemented by this industry during recent years. It starts out with a review of the main provisions of the EU Gas Directive followed by a section describing the implementation of these requirements in Norwegian statutory instruments. Finally, the paper outlines some basic state-of-art economic theories applicable for regulating natural monopolies and... 

The second issue discussed is the extent to which we can argue that the transportation network is in fact a natural monopoly. Having concluded it is, the third issue assessed is how the actual regulatory transition has adopted the basic principles of regulating a natural monopoly. The latter question is twofold how do access rules align with recognized principles, and how efficiently does the tariff system work if compared with predefined economic efficiency criteria ... 

In this section we will discuss some technical issues and relate these to economic considerations in order to illustrate that pipeline transportation of natural gas is recognized as a natural monopoly. The core expression of gas flow in a pipeline can be expressed as follows (Weymouth s equation) 36... 

However, the integrated system and the single operator arguments presented in this sub-section take the basic idea of natural monopoly from a single pipeline level to the network level. Although the economics of scale may be exempt on the pipeline level, there are economics of scale and scope at the network level that make the network a natural monopoly. This simply means that the total cost is least when the network is operated as a single, integrated unit. 

If competition was to be introduced in a natural monopoly, the transportation system owner may create technical or economic barriers to entry for potential competitors. If a competitor attempts to enter the existing market by constructing a new pipeline, the incumbent transportation system owner will have the option of increasing the throughput and reducing the tariff until it eliminates potential willingness to construct a new competing pipeline, provided there is excess capacity in the system. 

Diversity of purveyors, transport system and also diversity of sources contribute significantly to security of energy supply and less dependence on monopoly distributor of fossil fuels and primary energy sources can significantly help economical prosperity of regions without own sources, e.g. South Caucasus, Balkans, Central and East Europe. It also helps to avoid different commercial and/or political pressure on the final consumer. From this reason a possibility of using different ways of fossil fuels transport will be discussed. 

The question of the executive and judicial means by which the people can be guaranteed to be kept comprehensively and truthfully informed is bound to be a difficult one in view of the fundamental freedoms of press and speech. It would be necessary to require, for example, that the media be subject to democratic control in that the formation of political or economic monopolies would be prevented. One proposal would be to allow access to the media in their area of operations to political parties proportional to the vote they received or to socially-concerned organizations (such as religions) proportional to their membership, without a limiting minimum percent. 

The tendency among herbalists of recent years is to stress, even more than has been done in the past, the importance of healthy habits of living, and especially of proper eating. The reason for this becomes apparent when it is remembered that we are now living in an age of huge monopolies and that this phase in the development of the economic system has particularly harmful effects in the sphere of food supply. 

Fermentation alcohol has been used almost entirely for beverage purposes in less developed countries. In industrialized nations, even with available ethylene, fermentation alcohol is produced from low-cost surplus and waste materials. With the shift in economics it will compete with synthetic in the latter s fields. It has a monopoly of "gasohol" for political reasons and of beverages for emotional reasons. Fermentation alcohol capacity in the United States is uncertain but is estimated at... 

The game Monopoly, originally called The Landlord s Game, was based on the economic theories of... 

Even where Britain displaced early overseas Chinese financial interests from positions they had enjoyed in the precolonial period, they left them in local control or in a junior status in such ureas as opium trading, and often virtually restricted them to those areas. As W.J. Cator notes in his book The Economic Position of the Chinese in the Netherlands Indies (6) and Purcell notes in The Chinese in Malaya, (7) Chinese monopolies of opium and alcohol local distribution continued in many Southeast Asian colonies, under the aegis of the colonial authorities, into the first decades of the 20th century. 

Over the years, pressures for steam-methane reforming have steadily increased, sustaining this approach s monopoly for ammonia synthesis based upon natural gas. This monopoly may well be the primary outcome, from an economic standpoint, of the joint Kellogg-Cities Service Synthol development effort of 1947-48. 

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