Monogastrics

Antibiotic LL-E19020a and LL-E19020P are described as useful agents for the treatment of chronic respiratory disease, fowl cholera, and necrotic enteritis in birds (76) and as anthelmintics in monogastric and mminant animals (28). 

To obtain optimal performance of farm animals, foHc acid supplementation is required (86) and as is the case with most of the vitamins, the majority of worldwide consumption is as feed supplements. The foHc acid requirement for chickens and pigs is about 0.2—0.5 mg of foHc acid/kg diet and 0.3 mg/kg diet, respectively. Increased amounts, 0.5—1.0 mg/kg feed for chickens and 0.5—2.0 mg/kg for swiae, are recommended under commercial production conditions (87). The degree of intestinal foHc acid synthesis and the utilization by the animal dictates the foHc acid requirements for monogastric species. Also, the self-synthesis of folaciais dependent on dietary composition (88). 

Nutrition. Zinc is essential to the proper functioning of plants and animals and, as zinc sulfate and oxide, it is used as a feed supplement (49—51) (see Mineral nutrients Feedsand feed additives). Most crops use less than a kilogram of zinc per 1000 m per year, so that zinc salts added at 1.3—4.5 kg/ha gradually build up the zinc reserve (52). Animals, including humans, store relatively Htde available zinc and, thus, require a constant supply in the diet. For instance, beef cattle require 10—30 mg/kg dry feed, dairy cattle 40 mg/kg, and breeding hens 65 mg/kg. Zinc from plants is considered less available to monogastric aminals than zinc from animal protein. 

The polyether antibiotics exhibit a broad range of biological, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticoccidial, antiparasitic, and insecticidal activities. They improve feed efficiency and growth performance in mminant and monogastric animals. Only the anticoccidial activity in poultry and catde, and the effect on feed efficiency in mminants such as catde and sheep are of commercial interest. 

The polyethers have been reported to increase growth performance in monogastric animals such as horses, swine, and rabbits. No commercial use has been approved for swine diets. The sensitivity of horses to the toxic effects of these antibiotics precludes consideration of their use. 

This chapter reports the progress made in the development of probiotic, prebiotic and other preventative treatments for gastrointestinal diseases, which have potential for use in organic and low input monogastric livestock production systems. Most of the results discussed focus on research with pigs, but most results should be transferable to other monogastric animals including poultry. 

Anatomy and physiology of digestive tracts of monogastric livestock... 

Choct M. (2001). Alternatives to in-feed antibiotics in monogastric animal industry . ATS Technical Bulletin, 30, 1-6. 

Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids. Cottonseed contains cyclopropenoid fatty acids (CPFA) which must be investigated to determine their effects on humans and other monogastric animals. Related to this is the hepatocarcinogenicity of whole kernel glandless cottonseed and cottonseed oil in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdeneri, (22-24). However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has adopted the position that fish are not sufficiently related to man to necessitate the FDA changing its acceptance of cottonseed and its byproducts in human foods (25). 

Animal feeds are a major market, especially for monogastric animals. This is because their nutritional requirements are high and the lysine content of traditional feed such as soy or maize is low. A supplementation of feeds with individual essential amino acids is necessary because a high protein contents lead to excessive manure production, especially by pigs. 

Ruminant milk fats are also rich in medium-chain fatty acids. These are synthesized in the mammary gland via the usual malonyl CoA pathway (section 3.5) and are released from the synthesizing enzyme complex by thioacylases presumably, the higher levels of medium chain acids in ruminant milk fats compared with those of monogastric animals reflect higher thioacylase activity in the mammary tissue of the former. 

Absorption of fenbendazole is slow in ruminants but more rapid in monogastric animals. Maximum concentrations in blood are achieved at about 8 h in rats and rabbits, 24 h in dogs, and 2-3 days in sheep. Elimination of fenbendazole is predominantly by the fecal route. The metabolic pathway of fenbendazole is similar in rats, rabbits, dogs, sheep, cattle, goats, and chickens. It is rapidly metabolized to fenbendazole sulfoxide (oxfendazole), fenbendazole sulfone, fenbendazole 2-aminosulfone, and other minor metabolites detected in plasma. 

The organic dilemma in monogastric animals the protein sources... 

One particular area of concern is the feeding of protein to monogastric organic animals. In conventional production, current production relies on providing supplementary synthetic amino acids. Poultry has a high demand for sulfur-containing amino acids and pigs have a... 

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