Monitoring of the environment

In many countries the radioactivity in the environment is continuously measured by means of monitoring stations, in particular at and in the neighbourhood of nuclear power stations and other nuclear facilities. Monitors are installed at elevated positions or on the ground, to measure the radioactivity in the air and on the surface of the earth, respectively. Furthermore, samples of rainwater and river water are taken at certain intervals. 

For automated routine measurements usually the y activity is determined by means of Geiger-Muller or scintillation counters. Additional measurements are made by filtering off aerosols from the air and by taking samples of water, soil or plants. The samples may be dried or processed by chemical methods for more detailed investigations. The a, or y activities on the aerosol filters and in the processed samples are measured by means of proportional counters or a and y spectrometers, by which the radionuchdes can be identified. 

The results of routine measurements at various stations are evaluated and can be fed into a computerized network in which all the data are collected. By suitable programs such as IMIS (integrated measuring and information system for the surveillance of environmental radioactivity) the data can be evaluated further to give, at any time, an up-to-date overview of the radioactivity in various regions of the country. 

Snell (Ed.), Nuclear Instruments and their Uses, Wiley, New York, 1962 F. H. Attix, W. C. Roesch, E. Tochilin (Eds.), Radiation Dosimetry, 2nd ed., Vols. I, II, III and Supplement I, Academic Press, New York, 1966-1972 

Cameron, N. Suntharalingham, G. N. Kenney, Thermoluminescent Dosimetry, University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, 1968 

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Monitoring of the environment to check exposure levels. Consider the installation of permanent instruments fitted with alarms. 

Kolic TM, Reiner EJ, MacPherson KA, Harrison PTC (1998) Proceedings of the second biennial international conference on chemical measurement and monitoring of the environment, Ottawa... 

Substances are graded in toxicity and by the route, e.g. inhalation, swallowing or contact, the latter being particularly important in the design of the working environment. In some instances it is possible to specify exposure limits and in such cases monitoring of the environment may be essential. 

Petty, J.D. and Orazio, C.E. 1996, Application of Semipermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) Ay Passive Monitors of the Environment of Antarctica. USGS, Midwest Science Center, Columbia, MO Unpublished report to National Science Foundation Washington, DC. 

For a global monitoring program to be effective, I believe that there must be monitoring of the environment, the oceanography, the motile cells in the water, the benthic resting cysts in the sediments (which can be undertaken year-round), and the toxin in the shellfish. The program must be consistently embarked... 

The results of spectrographic analysis of sedimented airborne particulates collected during routine monitoring of the environment show high, environmentally caused, variability. Objective assessment of loading states, and still less of emission sources, can, there-... 

Matishov GG (ed) (2004) Complex Monitoring of the Environment and Biota of the Azov Basin, vol 6. Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Apatity (in Russian)... 

As was the case in air-pollution research, in water pollution work the largest concern is the monitoring of the environment to determine if contamination is occurring and to follow the subsequent reduction of the level of problematic substances. As was mentioned earlier, PAHs are of environmental concern and, as such, are being monitored in air and water. Figure 2-14 shows the HPLC analysis of a National Bureau of Standards (NBS) sample of... 

Canadian Standards Association (AS) Guidelines for radiological monitoring of the environment—A National Standard of Canada, Report CAN/CSA-N288.4-M90, November 1990, Ottawa, Canada. 

Annual Report on Radioactive Discharges and Monitoring of the Environment, Volume I Report on discharges and environmental monitoring British Nuclear Fuels pic. Health and Safety Directorate, Risley, Warrington, Cheshire, UK (1992). 

British Nuclear Fuels pic. (1971-1993) Radioactive discharges and monitoring of the environment. Published annually, British Nuclear Fuels pic., Warrington, Cheshire. 

Kozlowski, R (2001) The rainfall inflow of mineral components to the forest bottom at the Integrated Natural Environment Monitoring Base Station in the Swietokrzyskie Mountains. In Joswiak, M. and Kowalkowski, A, eds. The Integrated Monitoring of the Environment in Poland, pp. 207-217. Biblioteka Monitoringu Srodowiska. 

Bradshaw N.M. and Ballatine J.A. (1995) Confirming the limitations of diffusive sampling using Tenax TA during long term monitoring of the environment. Env. Tech., 16, 433-444. 

The decision to release a batch of sterile product for use should take account not only of the specific production records and results of tests performed on that batch, but also the cumulative test records and information gathered before and during its manufacture from the monitoring of the environment personnel, intermediate products, equipment and processes. 

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