Molecular identification

Molecular Identification. In the identification of a compound, the most important information is the molecular weight. The mass spectrometer is able to provide this information, often to four decimal places. One assumes that no ions heavier than the molecular ion form when using electron-impact ionization. The chemical ionization spectrum will often show a cluster around the nominal molecular weight. 

Materials characterization techniques, ie, atomic and molecular identification and analysis, ate discussed ia articles the tides of which, for the most part, are descriptive of the analytical method. For example, both iaftared (it) and near iaftared analysis (nira) are described ia Infrared and raman SPECTROSCOPY. Nucleai magaetic resoaance (nmr) and electron spia resonance (esr) are discussed ia Magnetic spin resonance. Ultraviolet (uv) and visible (vis), absorption and emission, as well as Raman spectroscopy, circular dichroism (cd), etc are discussed ia Spectroscopy (see also Chemiluminescence Electho-analytical techniques It unoassay Mass specthot thy Microscopy Microwave technology Plasma technology and X-ray technology). 

Molecular identification of cytokinin-specific binding protein 99YZ612. 

Tamai I, Nezu J, Uchino H, Sai Y, Oku A, Shimane M, et al. Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion transporter (OATP) family. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000 273 251-60. 

A (1996) Molecular identification of zeaxanthin epoxidase of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, a gene involved in abscisic acid biosynthesis and corresponding to the ABA locus of Arabidopsis thaliana , EMBO J, 15, 331-42. 

To identify a colorant, its excitation and emission spectra must be measured. This can be done under standard conditions if the colorant has been extracted from a foodstuff. Usually the spectral patterns taken from real conditions will not deviate too much from standard conditions. One must be aware that the main spectral patterns are determined by the chromophore of the colorant and that further molecular identification needs to recognize special fine structures of the spectra or employ additional analytical tools. 

We describe here the molecular identification of the pelZ gene and the genetic studies of the regulations affecting its expression. Following overproduction of the PelZ protein, biochemical studies were undertaken in order to define some enzymatic characteristics of PelZ activity. 

Muller JA, BM Rosner, G von Abendroth, G Meshulam-Simon, PL McCarty, AM Spormann (2004) Molecular identification of the catabolic vinyl chloride reductase from Dehalococcoides sp. Strain VS and its environmental distribution. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 4880-4888. 

Burden, F. R. Molecular identification number for substructure searches. 

La Rosa, G., Fontana, S., Di Grazia, A., laconelli, M., Pourshaban, M., and Muscillo, M. (2007). Molecular identification and genetic analysis of Norovirus genogroups I and II in water environments Comparative analysis of different reverse transcription-PCR assays. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73,4152M161. 

Wright, A.-D. G., Toovey, A. F., and Pimm, C. L. (2006). Molecular identification of metha-nogenic archaea from sheep in Queensland, Australia reveal more uncultured novel archaea. Anaerobe 12,134-139. 

S. Longato and P. Bonfante, Molecular identification of mycorrhizal fungi by direct amplification of microsatellite regions. Mycol. Re. i. 101 425 (1997). 

Brilliant, M. H Gondo, Y., and Eicher, E. M. (1991). Direct molecular identification of the mouse pin k-eyed unstable mutation by genome scanning. Science 252 566-569. 

Giraffa, G. Neviani, E. Molecular identification and characterization of food-associated lactobacilli. /fa/. J. Food Sci. 2000,12,403 423. 

Bouchon, D., Rigaud, T. and Juchault, P. (1998) Evidence for widespread Wolbachia infection in isopod crustaceans molecular identification and host feminization. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 265, 1081-1090. 

Ritzel, M. W., etal. Molecular identification and characterization of novel human and mouse concentrative Na+-nucleoside cotransporter proteins (hCNT3 and mCNT3) broadly selective for purine and pyrimidine nucleosides (system cib)./. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 2914-2927. 

A, Shimane M et al. Molecular identification and characterization of novel members of the human organic anion... 

Grundemann D, Schechinger B, Rap-pold GA, Schomig E. Molecular identification of the corticosterone-sensitive extraneuronal catecholamine transporter. Nature Neurosci 1998 1(5) 349 351. 

Laburthe, M., Breant, B., and Rouyer-Fessard, C. (1984) Molecular identification of receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide in rat intestinal epithelium by covalent cross-linking. Eur. J. Biochem. 139, 181-187. 

Measurements in the laboratory are much more sensitive to spectral separations and hence understanding the spectrum of a molecule uniquely for the purposes of identification. However, the astronomical observations are limited by the telescope resolution and the atmospheric shimmer but the intrinsic information content of microwave spectra provides the best method for molecular identification - the other regions of the spectrum have their uses, as we shall see. 

Chemical identity may appear to present a trivial problem, but most chemicals have several names, and subtle differences between isomers (e.g., cis and trans) may be ignored. The most commonly accepted identifiers are the IUPAC name and the Chemical Abstracts System (CAS) number. More recently, methods have been sought of expressing the structure in line notation form so that computer entry of a series of symbols can be used to define a three-dimensional structure. For environmental purposes the SMILES (Simplified Molecular Identification and Line Entry System, Anderson et al. 1987) is favored, but the Wismesser Line Notation is also quite widely used. 

Molecular Identification of Oxime-Metabolizing Enzyme in Glucosinolate... 

Christner, B.C., Kvitko, B.H., II Reeve, J.N. 2003. Molecular identification of bacteria and eukarya inhabiting an Antarctic cryoconite hole. Extremophiles, 7, 177-183. 

Peters AF (2003) Molecular identification, taxonomy and distribution of brown algal endophytes, with emphasis on species from Antarctica. In Chapman ARO, Anderson RJ, Vreeland V, Davison IR (eds) Proceedings ofthe 17th international seaweed symposium. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 293-302... 

A. Enomoto, H. Kimura, A. Chairoungdua, Y. Shigeta, P. Jutabha, S. H. Cha, M. Hosoyamada, M. Takeda, T. Sekine, T. Igarashi, H. Matsuo, Y. Kikuchi, T. Oda, K. Ichida, T. Hosoya, K. Shimokata, T. Niwa, Y. Kanai, and H. Endou. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 417 447-452 (2002). 

Diel, P., Olff, S., Schmidt, S. and Michna, FI. (2001). Molecular identification of potential selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) like properties of phytoestrogens in the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, Planta Med., Aug, 67, 6, 510-514. 

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