Modulation of ion channels

Other, more general effects of insulin on cellular function include stimulation of cell growth (increase in DNA and protein synthesis), inhibition of apoptosis, and modulation of ion-channel activity. 

Hille, B (1994) Modulation of ion channel function by G protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neurosci. 17 531-536. 

Pedarzani, P. Storm, J. F. (1995). Protein kinase A-independent modulation of ion channels in the brain by cyclic AMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 92, 11716-20. 

Levitan, B. Modulation of ion channels by protein phos-phoryaltion and dephosphorylation. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 56 193-212, 1994. 

Brading There is a problem about this. You only established this in non-excitable tissues. In fact, in excitable tissues what is more important for the fast modulation of ion channels is Ca2+ coming in through the plasma membrane, rather than waves. A lot of people who are looking at waves are not measuring membrane potential and ignore spikes altogether. 

Positive inotropic compounds can be classified into three groups cAMP generators, intracellular calcium regulators, and modulators of ion channels or pumps [11]. The cAMP generators such as dopamine, dobutamine, and milrinone (a phosphodiesterase inhibitor) may worsen ischemia, cause arrhythmias, and increase mortality [2,6]. Intracellular calcium modulators have not reached clinical use, possibly because of additional effects such as vasoconstriction,... 

Heidelberger R, Heinemann C, Neher E, Matthews G (1994) Calcium dependence of the rate of exocytosis in a synaptic terminal. Nature 371 513-15 Henningfleld JE (1995) Nicotine medications for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 333 1196-1203 Hille B (1994) Modulation of ion-channel function by G-protein-coupled receptors. Trends Neu-rosci 17 531-6... 

The CBl and CBj cannabinoid receptors in nervous, immune, and other tissues of the body participate in G protein-mediated signal transduction pathways. Particularly well characterized are those that regulate the second messengers cyclic AMP, Ca ", and perhaps IP3. CBi receptors are modulators of ion channels, which makes them key players in the control of neurotransmission. These receptors also partic-... 

Before their specific receptors were identified, it was already known that cannabinoids inhibit adenylyl cyclase (AC) with the consequent decrease in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels (Howlett 1984). The CBi receptor also exerts modulation of ion channels, inducing for example inhibition of N- and P/Q-type voltage-sensitive Ca channels (VSCC) and activation of rectifying K" channels. These two effects may be responsible for the inhibition of fhe release of glutamate and other neurotransmitters by blunting membrane depolarisation and exocytosis (Piomelli 2003). 

Meves H. Modulation of ion channels by arachidonic acid. Prog Neurobiol 1994 43 175-186. 

Reuter, H. (1987). Modulation of ion channels by phosphorylation and second messengers. News Physiol. Sci. 2, 168-171. 

It is now clear that protein kinase C-catalyzed phosphorylation of specific cellular proteins plays an essential role in the orchestration of the biochemical events responsible for cellular activation. Some of the cellular proteins phosphory-lated by protein kinase C are listed in Table 1. The effects of protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation include the modulation of ion channels and ion pumps, alterations in cellular endocytosis and exocytosis (e.g., the release of neurotransmitters and humoral agents), and modulation of gene expression and cellular proliferation. 

Shearman MS, Sekiguchi K, Nishizuka Y (1989) Modulation of ion channel activity a key function of the protein kinase C enzyme family. Pharmacol. Rev. 41, 211-237. 

Jones SV (1993). Muscarinic receptor subtypes modulation of ion channels. Life Sci, 52, 457-464. 

Reuter. H., Modulation of Ion Channels by Phosphorylation and Second Messengers , NIPS 2... 

As with to cAMP, cGMP mediates most of its intracellular effects through the activation of specific cGMP-dependent protein kinases (PKG) or by the modulation of ion channel opening. 

Modulation of ion channels in the brain is the mechanism of action of several antiepileptic drugs. Even though the structures of voltage-gated sodium, calcium, and potassium channels in the brain and in the heart are different, it is not inconceivable that in some circumstances some antiepileptic drugs may lose their specificity and alter cardiac excitability. 

Annunziato, L., Pannaccione, A., Cataldi, M. et al. (2002). Modulation of ion channels by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species a pathophysiological role in brain aging Neurobiology of Aging, 23,819-834. 

Weaver, C. D. Methods for detecting modulators of ion channels using thallium (i) sensitive assays. PCX Int. Appl. WO 2002031508, 2002 Chem. Abstr. 2002, 136, 321701. 

Biological Applications Zinc indicator copper indicator detecting modulators of ion channels identifying genes ... 

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