Ion modulators

Fto. 58. Metal ion modulation of DNA-nanoparticle constructs based upon supercoil-ing. Adapted from Ref (186). Structures labelled (a) and (b) are before and after metal ion addition, respectively. 

Yang JS, Hwang CY, Hsieh CC et al (2004) Spectroscopic correlations between supermolecules and molecules. Anatomy of the ion-modulated electronic properties of the nitrogen donor in monoazacrown-derived intrinsic fluoroionophores. J Org Chem 69 719-726... 

Nitrogen or argon is generally used as collision gas. The ion modulator pushes the ions orthogonally to their initial direction into the TOP analyzer. 

However, it should be noted that the greater flexibility potentially obtainable in ion mediated systems with respect to modulation of the energies of their CT states, is not obtainable with substituted systems. In the former case, changes in ion concentration of the solution containing the ion-modulated system directly affect ion binding, and thus the... 

Wang JY, Wicklund BH, Gustilo RB, et al. 1996b. Titanium, chromium and cobalt ions modulate the release of bone-associated cytokines by human monocytes/macrophages in vitro. Biomaterials 17 2233-2240. 

In a rare gas FA, metastable atoms, atomic ions, and dimer ions are present as rare gas active species [e.g. He(2 S), FIe (2 Si/2), and Hef in a He flow and Ar( Po,2), Ar" ( Pi/2,3/2), and ArJ in an Ar flow]. The contribution of active ionic species to the observed emissions was examined by applying an electrostatic potential (—50 to 50 V) to a pair of ion-collector grids placed between the discharge region and the reaction zone. The overlap of emissions due to ionic reactions with those due to neutral reactions has often made detailed analysis of each reaction difficult. This problem was overcome using an ion modulation technique, by which emissions from ionic reactions can be detected exclusively. " ... 

Ambipolar mobility has also been reported from water soluble copper phthalo-cyanines substituted with sulfonic acid (45h) and methyl pyridinium groups (451). Unlike typical transistors with a linear and saturation regions, the drain-source current of these devices increases non-linearly with increasing V s at a given gate bias. Furthermore, the entire set of 1-V curves shifts up with repeated scans while the on/off ratio decreases. The authors attributed this behavior to a mechanism that involved ion-modulated electrical conduction. N-channel mobihties as high as 3 x... 

Ambipolar behavior has also been observed in BBL and poly(thiophene-3-propionic acid, anunoninm salt).[297] 51a showed n-channel mobihties of 0.04-0.06 cm V s and 0.02-0.03 cm V s for p-channel operation. 51c showed valnes of 0.5-0.7 cm V s for n channel and 1.2-1.7 cm V s for p-channel with on/off ratios between 2 and 50 for devices operated in air. A similar mechanism involving ion-modulated electrochemical conduction, as described above for water soluble phthalocyanines was proposed by the authors. 

Chen, X.L. et al., Ion-modulated ambipolar electrical conduction in thin-film transistors... 

The critical parameter that controls ion modulation in collisionless RF sheaths is WT+, where co is the frequency of the applied field, and is the ion transit time through the sheath. The ion transit time can be estimated by assuming a collisionless Child-Langmuir sheath (Eq. 54), and neglecting the velocity of ions entering at the sheath edge (Bohm velocity). The result is [181]... 

Inoue, R. and Isenberg, G. (1990c) Intracellular calcium ions modulate acetyl-choline-induced inward current in guinea-pig ileum. Journal of Physiology (London), 424 73-92. 

Narahashi T, Aistrup GL, Lindstrom JM, et al. Ion modulation as the basis for general anesthetics. Toxicol Lett 1998 100-101 185-191. 

A destabilizing a-acceptor next to the oxacarbenium ion modulates stability and reactivity... 

Saft Industrial Battery Group Datenblatt High Energy Lithium-Ion Module, 48V/2.2kWh, April... 

The minimum capacity requirement for the Lunar Rover application was no less than 34 Ah and the required discharge power capability was at least 27 kW. In a non-hybridized system, entirely based on lithium-ion modules, the following components would be necessary to fulfill the mission requirements ... 

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