Toolbox, modular

The second set-up concept from Microinnova, the Lab Experiment Toolbox , has some minor differences from the first concept. It was designed to speed up process development and reduce the time to market of chemicals or compounding products (Figure 4.25) [77]. A modular toolbox has been developed for laboratory-scale experiments. Small tube connections are used to connect various unit operation devices to each other. Process control and user interface are based on Fieldpoint and LabView or Microinnova Process Control. The integration of the sensors into the system is different to the previous concept. The Fieldpoint unit has a front panel, where sensors can be added on a plug-and-play basis. All experimental data are stored in spreadsheets, which can be transferred to common spreadsheet... 

Inspired by the seminal report of Nagel [34], which described a very active and selective Rh-pyrphos catalyst attached covalently to sihca gel, Pugin and colleagues have developed the modular toolbox which his depicted schematically in Figure 12.4. The main elements of their system are functionalized chiral diphosphines, where three different hnkers are based on isocyanate chemistry and various carriers [37, 45, 58]. This approach allows for a systematic and rapid access to a variety of immobilized chiral catalysts, with the possibility of adapting their catalytic and technical properties to specific needs. 

Particularly important to the pathways of modular synthases is the incorporation of novel precursors, including nonproteinogenic amino acids in NRP systems [17] and unique CoA thioesters in PK and fatty acid synthases [18]. These building blocks expand the primary metabolism and offer practically unlimited variability applied to natural products. Noteworthy within this context is the contiguous placement of biosynthetic genes for novel precursors within the biosynthetic gene cluster in prokaryotes. Such placement has allowed relatively facile elucidation of biosynthetic pathways and rapid discovery of novel enzyme mechanisms to create such unique building blocks. These new pathways offer a continued expansion of the enzymatic toolbox available for chemical catalysis. 

As already stated, the spectrum of reaction types, which have been successfully adapted to the solid-phase format, has expanded noticeably over the last few years. The examples listed above illustrate the fact that a remarkable toolbox is now available to the organic chemist, whose challenge is to creatively combine reactions to powerful modular approaches with broad validity for whole sets of building blocks. Achievements in this area will pave the way toward molecular diversity for lead discovery, as well as efficient analoging of target structures. 

Here, we wiU illustrate the concept with the josiphos-based toolbox, which has been apphed to several project studies involving industrially relevant target molecules. Josiphos was selected as the modular ligands can be tuned by choice of the correct R and R groups, which renders this ligand class exceptionaUy versatile furthermore, several technical applications have aheady been estabhshed [59]. The basis of the toolbox is that the Josiphos hgands are selectively functionalized at... 

Fig. 5 Generic modular stmcture of the overall inteimoleculai opdmizadon toolbox consisting of the abstract layer Generic Optimization and the three specific layers Frace-Field (EF) Parameterization, Parallel Jobs (PJOBS), and Simulation. Most of the modules require input parameters, which are defined in the configuration file (i.e., Config )...

Thus, Roberge et al. [5 ] concluded that the development of an appropriate toolbox is a prerequisite to allow high flexibility and versatility in a production environment. The toolbox concept must be viewed as a modular approach where a production unit is adapted to a chemical system. On doing so, one must take into account the physical-chemical characteristics of a reaction, such as... 

Madsen et al. (2014) recently developed a toolbox for obtaining homogenously functionalized sihcone elastomers by the use of a clickable chain extender (Fig. 3), which greatly facilitates the targeted formulation of silicone elastomers in modular fashion, as illustrated in Fig. 4. The chloro-functional intermediate in scheme X furthermore was shown to simultaneously increase the dielectric permittivity and decrease the dielectric loss of the resulting silicone elastomers. These initial results indicate that a sensitive balance of certain properties such as elastic moduli, permittivity, dielectric loss, conductivity, and electrical breakdown is required to optimize the electromechanical response for DBAs. However, with the recent developments reported for silicone elastomers, an increasing number of DBA-targeted properties can be more fully developed. 

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