Modified anode materials

Further on, the Co-Ni complexes were used for modification of Hohsen Carbon type (10-10) and Hohsen Graphite type (10-28) anode materials for Li-ion batteries applying similar procedure. These anode materials were tested in 2016 size lithium coin cells with a configuration Li/electrolyte (LP-30)/(modified anode material). The coin cells were assembled by standard technology in dry atmosphere of a glove box and then... 

Alternative or Modified Anode Materials In order to prevent or minimize thermal runaway, modified anode materials can also be considered. The minimum energy for a dust ignition in the case of pure Ta or Nb powder is below 3 mj. Nitration of Ta and Nb (e.g. TaN and Ta2N) increases the ignition energy to >10 J. Consequently, these materials are also less likely to be prone to ignition in solid capacitors. These... 

A thin layer deposited between the electrode and the charge transport material can be used to modify the injection process. Some of these arc (relatively poor) conductors and should be viewed as electrode materials in their own right, for example the polymers polyaniline (PAni) [81-83] and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDT or PEDOT) [83, 841 heavily doped with anions to be intrinsically conducting. They have work functions of approximately 5.0 cV [75] and therefore are used as anode materials, typically on top of 1TO, which is present to provide lateral conductivity. Thin layers of transition metal oxide on ITO have also been shown [74J to have better injection properties than ITO itself. Again these materials (oxides of ruthenium, molybdenum or vanadium) have high work functions, but because of their low conductivity cannot be used alone as the electrode. 

The contribution by Rouzaud et al. teaches to apply a modified version of high resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) as an efficient technique of quantitative investigation of the mechanism of irreversible capacity loss in various carbon candidates for application in lithium-ion batteries. The authors introduce the Corridor model , which is interesting and is likely to stimulate active discussion within the lithium-ion battery community. Besides carbon fibers coated with polycarbon (a candidate anode material for lithium-ion technology), authors study carbon aerogels, a known material for supercapacitor application. Besides the capability to form an efficient double electric layer in these aerogels, authors... 

The chemoselectivity can be strongly changed by the anode material. The oxidation of glycolaldehyde at a platinum anode affords mainly glyoxal while the conversion with a platinum anode modified by antimony or bismuth ad-atoms provides mainly glycolic acid (Fig. 29) [147]. 

ZnO displays similar redox and alloying chemistry to the tin oxides on Li insertion [353]. Therefore, it may be an interesting network modifier for tin oxides. Also, ZnSnOs was proposed as a new anode material for lithium-ion batteries [354]. It was prepared as the amorphous product by pyrolysis of ZnSn(OH)6. The reversible capacity of the ZnSn03 electrode was found to be more than 0.8 Ah/g. Zhao and Cao [356] studied antimony-zinc alloy as a potential material for such batteries. Also, zinc-graphite composite was investigated [357] as a candidate for an electrode in lithium-ion batteries. Zinc parhcles were deposited mainly onto graphite surfaces. Also, zinc-polyaniline batteries were developed [358]. The authors examined the parameters that affect the life cycle of such batteries. They found that Zn passivahon is the main factor of the life cycle of zinc-polyaniline batteries. In recent times [359], zinc-poly(anihne-co-o-aminophenol) rechargeable battery was also studied. Other types of batteries based on zinc were of some interest [360]. 

We repeated these studies a few years later using another paper curtain unit (Spinco), as well as a modified fractionation technique (G3a). The intrinsic factor activity of the acid gastric juice was again distributed in two areas of the electrophoretic partition. The more centrally located material corresponded to native intrinsic factor (IF) and primary Big binder, whereas the more anodic material represented pepsin-digested IF and the secondary Big binder. ... 

Some papers have appeared that deal with the use of electrodes whose surfaces are modified with materials suitable for the catalytic reduction of halogenated organic compounds. Kerr and coworkers [408] employed a platinum electrode coated with poly-/7-nitrostyrene for the catalytic reduction of l,2-dibromo-l,2-diphenylethane. Catalytic reduction of 1,2-dibromo-l,2-diphenylethane, 1,2-dibromophenylethane, and 1,2-dibromopropane has been achieved with an electrode coated with covalently immobilized cobalt(II) or copper(II) tetraphenylporphyrin [409]. Carbon electrodes modified with /nc50-tetra(/7-aminophenyl)porphyrinatoiron(III) can be used for the catalytic reduction of benzyl bromide, triphenylmethyl bromide, and hexachloroethane when the surface-bound porphyrin is in the Fe(T) state [410]. Metal phthalocyanine-containing films on pyrolytic graphite have been utilized for the catalytic reduction of P anj -1,2-dibromocyclohexane and trichloroacetic acid [411], and copper and nickel phthalocyanines adsorbed onto carbon promote the catalytic reduction of 1,2-dibromobutane, n-<7/ 5-l,2-dibromocyclohexane, and trichloroacetic acid in bicontinuous microemulsions [412]. When carbon electrodes coated with anodically polymerized films of nickel(Il) salen are cathodically polarized to generate nickel(I) sites, it is possible to carry out the catalytic reduction of iodoethane and 2-iodopropane [29] and the reductive intramolecular cyclizations of 1,3-dibromopropane and of 1,4-dibromo- and 1,4-diiodobutane [413]. A volume edited by Murray [414] contains a valuable set of review chapters by experts in the field of chemically modified electrodes. 

In 1899, Waldmar Jungner (Sweden) invented the nickel-cadmium battery (Ni/Cd) [6]. The battery used nickel for the cathode, cadmium for the anode, and an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide for the electrolyte. The applications of these batteries were limited because of the high cost of the materials compared to other battery systems (lead acid). In 1901, Edison (USA) modified the design of the battery by replacing the anode material with iron [7]. This design is known as the... 

B. He, B. Dong, H. Li, Preparation and electrochemical properties of Ag-modified Ti02 nanotube anode material for lithium-ion battery . Electrochemistry Communications, 9, 425-430, (2007). 

The emission spectram of an X-ray tube (see Fig. 11.6) consists of two components a hremsstrahlung continuum upon which the characteristic lines of the anode material (that becomes ionized as a result of the electron bombardment) are superimposed. The shape of the emission spectrum can be modified by changing the electron acceleration voltage. 

Temperature is of particular importance to the performance of anodes, especially when anodes are buried. Anodes may often be used to protect pipelines containing hot products. Thus temperature effects must be considered. Figure 10.14 illustrates the effect of temperature on different anodes in hot saline mud. Al-Zn-In anodes experience greatly reduced capacity in open seawater at temperatures above 70 C (down to 1200Ah/kg at 100°C) and in seabed muds in excess of 50 C (900 Ah/kg at 80°C). At elevated temperatures passivation of both aluminium alloys and pure zinc can occur". Considerable improvement in performance (capacity, and to a lesser extent operating potential) has been claimed for a range of modified Al-Zn-In anode materials... 

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