High-Resolution Models

Meteorological Model High Resolution Limited Area Model (HIRLAM)... 

Feig M, Pettitt BM. Modeling high-resolution hydration patterns in correlation with DNA sequence and conformation. J. Mol. Biol. 1999 286 1075-1095. 

In what follows, we summarize the results of modeling high-resolution spectra of An in terms of the energy level structure for the An ions. Regularities in the values of electronic structure parameters that can be shown to exist for the 3 + actinides are then explored for other valence states. 

Santa Barbara Focal Plane Various models High-resolution front end detector and optics for integration into user s system, based on liquid nitrogen-cooled, 128 X 128 element 256 X 256, 320 x 240, 320 x 256, 640 X 480, and 512 x 512 element InSb FPA detectors, 1-5 pm. 

To derive a reservoir geological model various methods and techniques are employed mainly the analysis of core material, wireline logs, high resolution seismic and outcrop studies. These data gathering techniques are further discussed in Sections 5.3 and 2.2. 

We need to point out that, if the wavelengths of laser radiation are less than the size of typical structures on the optical element, the Fresnel model gives a satisfactory approximation for the diffraction of the wave on a flat optical element If we have to work with super-high resolution e-beam generators when the size of a typical structure on the element is less than the wavelengths, in principle, we need to use the Maxwell equations. Now, the calculation of direct problems of diffraction, using the Maxwell equations, are used only in cases when the element has special symmetry (for example circular symmetry). As a rule, the purpose of this calculation in this case is to define the boundary of the Fresnel model approximation. In common cases, the calculation of the diffraction using the Maxwell equation is an extremely complicated problem, even if we use a super computer. 

Flenderson R, Baldwin J M, Ceska T, Zemlin F, Beokmann E and Downing K 1990 Model for the struoture of baoteriorhodopsin based on high-resolution eleotron oryo-miorosoopy J. Mol. Biol. 213 899-929... 

The approach is ideally suited to the study of IVR on fast timescales, which is the most important primary process in imimolecular reactions. The application of high-resolution rovibrational overtone spectroscopy to this problem has been extensively demonstrated. Effective Hamiltonian analyses alone are insufficient, as has been demonstrated by explicit quantum dynamical models based on ab initio theory [95]. The fast IVR characteristic of the CH cliromophore in various molecular environments is probably the most comprehensively studied example of the kind [96] (see chapter A3.13). The importance of this question to chemical kinetics can perhaps best be illustrated with the following examples. The atom recombination reaction... 

Henderson R, J M Baldwin, T A Ceska, F Zemlin, E Beckmann and K H Downing 1990. Model fo Structure of Bacteriorhodopsin Based on High-resolution Electron Cryo-microscopy. Joun Molecular Biology 213 899-929. 

Spectroscopic Probes of Cavitation Conditions. Determination of the temperatures reached ia a cavitating bubble has remained a difficult experimental problem. As a spectroscopic probe of the cavitation event, MBSL provides a solution. High resolution MBSL spectra from sUicone oU under Ar have been reported and analy2ed (7). The observed emission comes from excited state has been modeled with synthetic spectra as a... 

Another group of methods for testing 3D models that implicitly take into account many of the criteria listed above involve 3D profiles and statistical potentials [87,216]. These methods evaluate the environment of each residue in a model with respect to the expected environment as found in the high resolution X-ray structures. Programs implementing this approach include VERIFY3D [216], PROSA [217], HARMONY [218], and ANOLEA [120]. 

The intensely developing technique of high-resolution IR-spectroscopy of dimers composed of two different molecules in supersonic cooled jets offers a new promising approach to the quantum dynamics of reaction complexes. In essence, this is a unique possibility of modelling low-temperature chemical reactions. 

Rossmann suggested that the canyons form the binding site for the rhi-novirus receptor on the surface of the host cells. The receptor for the major group of rhinoviruses is an adhesion protein known as lCAM-1. Cryoelectron microscopic studies have since shown that ICAM-1 indeed binds at the canyon site. Such electron micrographs of single virus particles have a low resolution and details are not visible. However, it is possible to model components, whose structure is known to high resolution, into the electron microscope pictures and in this way obtain rather detailed information, an approach pioneered in studies of muscle proteins as described in Chapter 14. 

X-ray structures are determined at different levels of resolution. At low resolution only the shape of the molecule is obtained, whereas at high resolution most atomic positions can be determined to a high degree of accuracy. At medium resolution the fold of the polypeptide chain is usually correctly revealed as well as the approximate positions of the side chains, including those at the active site. The quality of the final three-dimensional model of the protein depends on the resolution of the x-ray data and on the degree of refinement. In a highly refined structure, with an R value less than 0.20 at a resolution around 2.0 A, the estimated errors in atomic positions are around 0.1 A to 0.2 A, provided the amino acid sequence is known. 

---