Mixing design methods

Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete MS-2), The Asphalt Institute, 1974. 

Mix Design Methods forMsphaltic Concrete, Manual Series No. 2, The Asphalt Institute, CoUege Park, Md., 1974. 

Mix Design Methods for Asphalt Concrete" Publication MS-2 The Asphalt Institute College Park, MD, 1974. 

A study of these requirements shows that most of the control actions have to be taken prior to placing the fresh concrete. Since such a control Is governed by the proportions and the mechanical ease or difficulty in handling and placing, the development of criteria based on the theory of proportioning for each mix should be studied. Most mix design methods have essentially become of historical and academic value. 

The term asphalt binder has been utilised in the Superpave mix design method to classify the grade of asphalt cement used in an asphalt mix based on expected performance under specific environmental conditions and anticipated traffic loading. Asphalt binder according to ASTM D 8 (2013) is an asphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier . 

Source Asphalt Institute MS-2, Mix design methods - For Asphalt concrete and other hot-mix types. Manual Series 2 (MS-2), 6th Edition, Lexington, USA Asphalt Institute. With permission. 

Relevant general information can be found in The Asphalt Handbook (Asphalt Institute MS-4 2007) and a mix design methods manual (Asphalt Institute MS-2). 

The composition of the bituminous mixture to be used (job mix) is determined using the Marshall hot mix design method, as described in the previous sections. However, the design criteria used by the FAA are slightly different. FAA s criteria for the Marshall hot mix design are given in Tables 5.13 and 5.14. 

The consistency test is also included in the mix design method recommended by ISSA A105 (2010), and the test is carried out using a similar procedure described in ISSA TB-106 (1990). 

The draft European standard CEN prEN 16333 (2014) (WI approved dated 23/5/2014) specifies a mix design procedure when slurry surfacing is to be used on airfields. Until the development of an EN specifying a mix design method for slurry surfacing and in other areas, the author proposes this design method to be used in any micro-surfacing applications. 

Asphalt Institute MS-2. Mix Design Methods-Por Asphalt Concrete and Other Hot-Mix Types, 6th Edition. Manual Series 2 No. 6. Lexington, KY Asphalt Institute. 

Various mix design methods for hot recycled mix have been developed by various organisations worldwide. The main principles in all mix design procedure are the same, and the following are the general design steps followed ... 

A comprehensive/traditional hot in-place mix design method is described in the ARRA manual (ARRA 2001) and the mix design flow chart used is given in Figure 18.12. A similar mix design procedure is followed for hot in-plant mix design. 

There are various cold recycling mix design methods. Stroup-Gardiner (2011) provides statistical information and other details related to the cold recycling mix designs used in the United States. 

One of the cold recycling mix design methods is described in detail in the ARRA manual (ARRA2001). 

McDaniel R., H. Soleymani, and R.M. Anderson. 2001. Recommended Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in the Superpave Mix Design Method Guidelines. Research Results Digest 253. Washington, DC Transportation Research Board. 

In this chapter, the standard mix design methods for concretes are only briefly described as they are presented in full detail in many manuals, e.g. de Larrard (1998), Day (1999), Dewar (1999), and Kett (1999). Design and detailing of structural elements with ordinary concrete, high performance concrete or fibre-reinforced concrete is not considered here. 

Brief remarks are given below that relate to the original bases of the mix design methods, also called selection of the mixture proportions. These remarks are mainly of historical importance, but they are still interesting because they help the basis of the computerized programs that are exclusively used at present to be understood. 

Figure 12 A Set of curves representing relation between compressive strength and w/c ratio for the UK mix design method, after Teychenne et al. (1975).

After mix design methods of historical importance mentioned in Section 12.5, there is a trend to base all methods on rational bases, which obviously include optimization aimed at the most economical mixture composition, satisfying all imposed requirements, but reducing the number of consecutive trials. Here various approaches are noted from the analytical to the application of the ANN (artificial neural networks). Mathematical programming techniques were successfully applied by Karihaloo (2000) for optimization of HPS fibre-reinforced concrete for high tensile strength and high ductility. 

All values characterizing the properties of the material s components are subject to random and systematic variations. The same variations concern their effective volume fractions and distribution in space. That is why the experimental verification with actual materials and in local conditions of implementation is necessary to test the final result, and in most cases to introduce certain modifications into the set of values of the design variables as established in the optimization procedure. The requirement for tests before any full-scale application is also accepted in simple mix design methods for ordinary concretes. It is also compulsory when the optimization is applied and is even more important in the case of high performance concretes (cf. Chapter 13). 

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