Minimize breakdowns

All of these MWD measurements are definitively improving safety, minimizing breakdowns and making drilling more efficient. 

Burtiset al, 1987). Current gas chromatographs have the capability of very complex temperature programs that can minimize the time per run and maximize the resolution of the compounds of interest. The minimum and maximum temperatures are usually the only nonvariable parameters. The solvent usually determines the minimum temperature because it must be volatized for sample introduction. The maximum temperature is determined by the stationary phase, because it may break down at high temperatures, which can result in an elevated baseline of the chromatograph. Thus, the manufacturer recommends a maximum temperature to maximize column life and minimize breakdown. 

Melt filtration systems are commonly employed in pigment master-batch production and in situations where the presence of defects in the compound may have a critical effect on its subsequent processing or properties. This is vitally important, for example, in fibre-spinning operations involving extrusion of polyester or polyamide through fine spinneret plates [162], and in minimizing breakdown of polymer cable insulation subjected to electrical stress [163]. 

Concentration of 500-L samples was usually performed at a flow rate of 150 mL/min and 500 lb/in.2. A piston-type pulse dampener (Hydrodyne) was used to minimize breakdown of resin particles. Flow rates did not exceed 250 mL/min (0.2-cm/s linear flow velocity). 

An oversized unit operating at a slower speed may extend the period between preventive maintenance work as well as minimizing breakdowns or failures. High reliability Is necessary for economical operations since a plant failure In the middle of a cycle results In wasted feed material, possibly wasted products, loss of CO2, etc. 

Third, the surface potential decreases to a value lower than the minimal breakdown voltage according to the Paschen s law. 

First, the surface potential decay depends on the corona polarity and the charging temperature Second, the surface pxjtential decay process is analogous for both samples stored between two short-circuited electrodes with different air gap thicknesses and the ones with the absence of a second electrode Third, the surface potential decreases to a value lower than the minimal breakdown voltage according to the Paschen s law. 

A detailed study of all the breakdowns that have taken place in the past will indicate any changes in the plant operating conditions or the design to be carried out for minimizing breakdowns. 

Varistors. Varistors are devices that exhibit nonlinear current—voltage behavior. At low voltages, current flow is minimal and the device behaves as an ohmic insulator. As the voltage approaches a critical value, the breakdown field (Fgj ), current flow increases and the device becomes highly... 

Soft starting minimizes the starting mechanical and thermal stresses/shocks on the machine and the motor. It results in reduced maintenance cost, fewer breakdowns and hence longer operating life for both. Reduced starting current is an added advantage. 

If ignition is assumed to occur in a hotspot formed at the electrode, the local release of potential energy W = QV/2 is directly proportional to charge while independent of electric field except in the immediate vicinity of the electrode, since this determines the local change in potential. The electric field near the electrode becomes increasingly uniform as electrode radius increases and eventually, uniform field breakdown conditions are approached (C-2.5.3). These concepts allow first approximations for effective energy to be made. First it is assumed that air breakdown occurs at 30 kV/cm and that the electric field is approximately uniform between about 2-5 mm from the electrode (C-2.5.2). Second, it is assumed that minimal ignition occurs in a 3 mm diameter hotspot formed sufficiently far from the electrode to minimize heat losses. This distance is assumed to be about 2 mm. 

Equipment used to process, store, or handle highly hazardous chemicals must be designed constructed, installed and maintained to minimize the risk of release. A systematic, scheduled, test and maintenance program is preferred over "breakdown" maintenance " that could compromise safety. Elements of a mechanical integrity program include 1) identification and categorization of equipment and instrumentation, 2) documentation of manufacturer data on mean time to failure, 3 ) test and inspection frequencies, 4) maintenance procedures, 5) training of maintenance personnel, 6) test criteria, and 7) documentation of test and inspection results. 

The safety priority at the well site must be given to personnel safety. The utmost care must be given to avoid casualties and injuries. The second priority is equipment safety. Breakdowns, fishing, and lost hole must be avoided or at least minimized. 

If a fluid power system is properly designed and used, it will provide smooth, flexible, uniform action without vibration, and is unaffected by variation of load. In case of an overload, an automatic release of pressure can be guaranteed, so that the system is protected against breakdown or excessive strain. Fluid power systems can provide widely variable motions in both rotary and linear transmission of power and the need for manual control can be minimized. In addition, fluid power systems are economical to operate. 

Phosphate-cycle programs, which first became available at the turn of the twentieth century and were researched and formalized in the 1920s, have gradually replaced the carbonate-cycle programs. Formulation developments include combined phosphate-carbonate cycle programs, which incorporate the best of both basic programs while minimizing the problems associated with carbonate breakdown. 

Ammonia is sometimes used to boost the pH but may be unsuitable where copper alloys are present. Hydrazine and the neutralizing amines produce ammonia as part of their breakdown process, so additional care is required here to minimize copper corrosion. 

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