Mineralization compounds

Sulfuric acid forms salts (sulfates and hydrogen sulfates) with many metals. These are frequently very stable and, indeed, they are the most important mineral compounds of. several of the more electropositive elements. They have been discussed in detail under the appropriate elements. Sulfates can be prepared by ... 

Synthetic colorants are classified by the FDA as certified color additives and are defined as synthetically produced organic molecules that have their purities checked by the FDA. " A second category, colorants exempt from certification, includes naturally derived (animal, vegetal, mineral) compounds or their synthetic duplicates. Table 7.3.2 presents a summary of synthetic colorants and their utilization as food additives. 

Egg white contains, apart from water (88%), mainly proteins (-11%), saccharides, mineral compounds and traces of lipids. The most abundant proteins (mostly glycoproteins) are ovoalbumin (54%), ovotransferin (13%), ovomocoid (11%), lysozyme (3.5%), other globulins (4%) and ovomucin (1.5 2%) some other proteins, e.g. ovoinhibitor, ovoflavoprotein, ovomicroglobulin and avidin [1], are present in traces (<1%). 

Egg yolk contains mainly lipids (32 34%), proteins (16%), saccharides, mineral compounds, vitamins, dyes and water (48%). It is formed by two distinguishable fractions plasma and granules. The plasma contains mostly lipids (90% of total solids) and proteins. Granules contain mainly acidic phosphoproteins (fosvitin, lipovitellins and low-density lipoproteins), which are soluble only in higher ionic strength water solutions. 

Adduct ions are quite frequent in the mass spectra. In positive ion mode, sodium or potassium cluster ions are commonly found. Mineral compounds often lead to multiple cluster ions. For example, spectra of FeCl3 in negative ion mode lead to several peaks from m/z 35 (Cl ) to m/z 487 ([(FeCl3)2FeCl3] ) [Van Ham et al. 2004],... 

It is not found in its pure metallic form in nature but is refined from the mineral (compound) zinc sulfide (ZnSO ) known as the ores sphalerite and zincblende. It is also recovered from minerals and ores known as willemite, hydrozincite, smithsonite, wurtzite, zincite, and Franklinite. Zinc ores are found in Canada, Mexico, Australia, and Belgium, as well as in the United States. Valuable grades of zinc ores are mined in Colorado and New Jersey. 

Arsenic in the elemental form is a brittle, grayish crystal that becomes darker when exposed to air. It is seldom found in the pure elemental form but rather in minerals (compounds). It has a long history of use as a poison, and many alchemists were poisoned when using it in their attempts to produce gold from base metals. 

Only one phosphide mineral appears on the list. The tabulation contains twenty-six arsenate species but not a single arsenide. The fibrous minerals recorded reflect the limitations imposed by natural circumstances, and especially the opportunities for elements to be juxtaposed geochemically and able to produce a particular mineral compound. Oxygen containing compounds form by far the most prevalent natural fibers, but simple hydroxide and carbonate compounds are also prominent on the list. There are more oxyhalides and water-containing minerals than pure chloride minerals, al-... 

Brittle metalloid found in mineral compounds realgar and orpiment although poisonous it has been developed into several medicinal compounds essential to the electronics industry. 

Recent work [50] has shown that in the presence of sulfate ions, SNF forms an organo-mineral compound with C3A, allows a greater dissolution rate of the CaS04, and alters the morphology of the hydration... 

Superplasticizers operate by adsorption onto the initial hydrates of C3A, C2S and C3S. In the case of C3A there is evidence that this is more than just a physical effect, and that an organo-mineral compound may be formed. 

United States Geological Survey. Minerals Yearbook Volume I—Metals and Minerals. Background information and production statistics on various mineral compounds such as soda ash, salt, gypsum, etc. 

Determination of isotopic abundance by mass spectrometry is a universally employed method. For example, it is possible to determine the geographic source of plant-based organic compounds or mineral compounds, or even to improve the precision of radiocarbon dating using the isotopic signature of a species. 

Mineral bodies are solidified from particles of the same substance, such as pure gold each particle of which is gold, or they are of different substances such as lumps which consist of earth, stone and metal these latter may be separated into earth, stone, and metal, and therefore the first is not a mixture while the last is called a mixture. The first are again divided into simple and compound minerals. The simple minerals are of four classes, namely, earths, solidified juices, stones, and metals, while the mineral compounds are of many sorts, as I shall explain later. 

BOULANGERITE. A mineral compound of lead-antimony sulfide, PbjSb Sn. Crystallizes in the monoclinic system hardness, 2.5-3 specific gravity, 6.23 color, lead gray. 

SCALE. 1. A calcareous deposit in water tubes of steam boilers resulting from deposition of mineral compounds present in die water, e g., calcium carbonate. 

Arsenate A mineral, compound, or aqueous species containing AsC>43, where the valence state of the arsenic is pentavalent (As(V)). Arsenate is often abbreviated As(V) in the literature, especially in documents dealing with arsenic treatment. The inorganic arsenic acid species, EUAstTu and HAsC>42, are the most common dissolved forms of arsenate in near / H neutral aqueous solutions (compare with arsenite and thioarsenate). 

Silicate A mineral, compound, or rock that contains silica (SiC>2) or SiC>44- as the major anion. 

Boutevin et al. [177-180] treated different types of wastes of polyolefins (more often low density polyethylene) with a mixture air/ozone. They focused their studies on the quantification of the formed oxygenated species based on colorimetric titration using stable radicals such as diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl. They investigated the influence of mineral compounds (iron oxide, for example) used as catalysts for oxidative reactions. The ozonized polymers have been used as binders for composites materials containing mineral materials (sand, stones, etc.). 

In the sixteenth century, Paracelsus added some mineral compounds to the Materia Medica and powerful medicines were obtained from the ores of metals like mercury and antimony by alchemical processes. Antimony has a very long history in medicine, but it came into greater prominence at a critical time in the sixteenth century when syphilis, then a new killer disease, was rapidly spreading across Europe.5 Paracelsus mercurial preparations were also effective, although their poisonous... 

Sulfuric acid is the most important chemical of all sulfur compounds. Anhydrous sulfuric acid is a dense, viscous liquid which is readily miscible with water in all proportions. Sulfuric acid forms hydrogen sulfate (also known as bisulfate, HSOJ) and sulfate (SO -) salts with many metals, which are frequently very stable and are important mineral compounds. Figures 16.6.4(a)-(c) shows the molecular structures of H2SO4, HSO4, and SO4-. 

Nitrogen is one of the most familiar substances on earth. It makes up 78% of the air that surrounds us. Nitrogen is found in a combined form in a few mineral compounds, such as potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate. It is also in a host of complex organic compounds, i.e., proteins that all animals use as food to build up tissues. 

Following Lavoisier, chemists had a set of rules and a provisional list of elements to work with. Later, using Dalton s atomic theory and his laws of combining proportions, chemists were able to determine atomic weights and to arrive at molecular formulas indicating the nature and number of the atoms in a molecule. Molecules, the smallest part of a compound that possessed the chemical properties of that compound, could then be classified. Berzelius s classification of mineral compounds rested upon his discoveries about the electrochemical properties of atoms, an explanatory notion grafted onto Dalton s simple atomic theory. Chemists were able to establish research programs based... 

All this is valid from a theoretical point of view. In practice, foods contain several minor and major constituents they form a special rheological matrix of water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fibers, mineral compounds, and so on, and human metabolism resorts to more than 100 types of enzymes to decompose it. 

The pipe joint had been leaking steam and water prior to the failure, and chemical analysis of the scale deposits on the clamp surface after the failure confirmed the presence of a number of sodium-based mineral compounds from the leaking steam, including approximately 10% sodium chloride. The presence of high concentrations of moist, hot chloride salts on the highly stressed austenitic stainless steel surface, particularly with concurrent exposure to atmospheric oxygen, created an ideal chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) environment. 

Many transition metals and their compounds with organic ligands initiate the polymerization of alkenes and/or dienes. Some of them do not need any special treatment to this end while others require the presence of some organic or mineral compound or a special physical modification. In contrast to ZN catalysts, they are active without an organometal of Groups I—III. They are commonly known as metal alkyl free (MAF) catalysts. Many of their features are, of course, in common with ZN catalysts. MAF catalysts initiate stereoselectively controlled polymerization. Even less is known of their operating mechanism than that of ZN catalysts. It is assumed that propagation also occurs on the transition metal-carbon bond. 

Direct fabric evidence means those forms of fabrics that are still organic and have retained their original fiber composition, and those that are partially or completely replaced by mineral compounds. Those replaced by mineral compounds, termed fabric pseudomorphs, result when fabrics in contact with metal are buried in a moist, soil environ-... 

---