Mercury preparations

IAEA efforts related to both CRMs and others, such as hair for total mercury and methyl mercury (prepared in India), and lichen for multi-element certification (prepared in Portugal) to assist biomonitoring programs in Brazil, Chile, China, Czech Republic, India, Italy, Malaysia, Slovenia, and Vietnam,... 

In the Journal de physique for 1779 the apothecary, Bayen, described a fulminating mercurial preparation of another kind. Thirty parts of precipitated, yellow oxide of mercury, washed and dried, was mixed with 4 or 5 parts of sulfur the mixture exploded with violence when struck with a heavy hammer or when heated on an iron plate. Other mixtures which react explosively when initiated by percussion have been studied more recently,2 metallic sodium or potassium in contact with the oxide or the chloride of silver or of mercury or in contact with chloroform or carbon tetrachloride. 

Bis(alkyl) complexes, with mercury, preparation, 2, 428 Bis(alkylidene)s, in Ru and Os half-sandwiches, 6, 583 Bis(alkylimido) complexes, with chromium(VI), 5, 346 Bis(rj2-alkyne)platinum(0) complexes, preparation, 8, 640 Bis(alkynyl) complexes in [5+2+l + l]-cycloadditions, 10, 643 with manganese, 5, 819 with mercury, preparation, 2, 426 mononuclear Ru and Os compounds, 6, 409 with platinum, 12, 125 with platinum(II), 8, 539 with titanium(IV), 4, 643 with zirconium, 4, 722... 

The defenders of allopathy would argue that the quantities in which strychnine, arsenical and mercurial preparations and so on are prescribed... 

In the sixteenth century, Paracelsus added some mineral compounds to the Materia Medica and powerful medicines were obtained from the ores of metals like mercury and antimony by alchemical processes. Antimony has a very long history in medicine, but it came into greater prominence at a critical time in the sixteenth century when syphilis, then a new killer disease, was rapidly spreading across Europe.5 Paracelsus mercurial preparations were also effective, although their poisonous... 

Calibration Standards A suitable stock standard (accuracy certified against NIST spectrometric standard solutions) may be purchased and used to prepare a Working Standard containing 200 ng/g (ppb) of mercury. Prepare five calibration standards containing 20, 60, 100, 200, and 400 ng of mercury by quantitative dilution of the Working Standard with 1 N hydrochloric acid. 

Greco-Arabic classics, insisted on the value of experimentation (including the use of animal tests), and developed the idea that minerals and chemicals could have medicinal applications (iatrochemistry). His use of mercury preparations in the treatment of syphilis led to accusations of poisoning, to which Paracelsus replied by writing the Third Defense. It contains the following important statement ... 

Take thy Mercury prepared with its arsenic of seven, eight, nine, or ten Eagles put it into a phial, and thou shalt lute it with the Lutum Sapientiae. Place it in a furnace of sand, and let it stand in a heat of sublimation, so that it may ascend and descend in the glass, until it be coagulated a little thicker than butter. Continue it unto a perfect coagulation, until it be as white as silver. 

In the end he was forced to write his own version and this is how his famous textbook Elementa Chemiae ( Elements of Chemistry ) came to be published in 1732. He laid great weight on exact methods and experimental work rather than fanciful theories and introduced the use of thermometers and precision balances in chemical work. At the same time, he did not completely reject the claim by the alchemists to have transformed base metals into gold. His own extensive experiments with mercury, however, had not produced any gold even if they yielded mercury preparations of high purity as a spin-off. Boerhaave s wariness of indulging in speculative chemical theories could explain why in his textbook he does not even mention Stahl s celebrated phlogiston theory. 

Freshwater snails and mussels weighing 15 1 g were collected from local ponds and wells and were maintained in the laboratory in 3 X 2 X l glass tanks, ten in each. Water from local well was used for their maintenance. It had a pH of 7.6 0.2, a total hardness of 100 5 mg/1 CaC03, a temperature of 280 10°C and a dissolved oxygen content of 5.79 0.4 mg/1. Water was changed once a day. Snails and mussels were fed with hydrilla and freshwater plankton, respectively, ad libitum. The animals were allowed to adapt themselves to laboratory conditions for 10 days. Later, groups of 30 each were exposed to different concentrations of mercury, prepared from pure mercuric chloride, ranging from 2 to 8 mg/1, and the mortality rate was observed at 120 h of exposure. The LCjqS for 120 h were derived from percent and probit mortality... 

However, one of the first matrices used for insolubilization of the aflBnant was cellulose that had been partially etherified with 3-hydroxy-phenoxy or 4-diazobenzyl groups (which react with diazotized protein or protein, respectively). Amino compounds may also be attached to the acid chlorides of carboxy polysaccharides.0-(3-Allyloxy-2-hydroxy-propyl)-cellulose and -Sephadex can be mercuriated and, in this form, used for isolation of thiolated antibodies and fractionation of mononucleotides according to their aflBnity for an organomercurial. Another mercurial, prepared by treatment of 0-(2-aminoethyl)Sephadex with IV-acetylhomocysteine thiolactone to give a thiol (49) which, on treatment with 2,5-bis[(acetoxymercuri) methyl]-1,4-dioxane, gives 50, can also be used in aflSnity chromatography of thiolated proteins. 

Bis(trifluoromethyl)mercury is useful in the preparation of numerous CF3 derivatives, especially of group IV elements. It was first prepared in 1949 by irradiation of CF3I and Hg in the presence of Cd. Alternative routes include radiofrequency discharge methods, for example, reaction of CF3 radicals witli HgXz or elemental mercury. Preparative scale quantities are best obtained by decarboxylation of mercury trifluoroacetate in the presence of carbonate. ... 

Mercury preparation. No special preparative steps are required if mercury of sufficient purity is used. 

Preparative Methods coupling of the Grignard reagent derived from ( )-2-(trimethylsilyl)-l-bromoethylene with the same bromo derivative leads to the silyldiene in 51% yield a higher yield (62%) is obtained by reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl)-methyllithium with ( )-3-(trimethylsilyl)-2-propenal. Other procedures involve the Pd°-catalyzed demercuration of bis[( )-(2-trimethylsilylvinyl)]mercury, prepared from (i )-2-(tri-methylsilyl)-l-lithioethylene and HgCE (77% yield)7 or the reaction of ( j-l,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2-butene with n-BuLi and TMEDA and subsequent oxidation with HgCl2 of the isolated bis-lithiated species, stabilized by complexation with TMEDA (57% yield). ... 

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