Mineral matter components

The inorganic component of soil is dominated by four elements O, Si, Al, and Fe (Jackson, 1964). Together with Mg, Ca, Na, and K they constitute 99% of the soil mineral matter (see Table 8-2). Minerals in soil are divided into primary and secondary minerals. Primary minerals, which occur in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, are inherited by soil... 

One of the more important considerations in determining the end use of synthetic graphite is its contamination with metallic components Metals such as iron, vanadium, and especially in nuclear applications, boron are deleterious to the performance of graphite Table 3 presented the extraction yields of NMP-soluble material for three bituminous coals. For these coals, mineral matter and insoluble coal residue were separated from the extract by simple filtration through 1-2 pm filter paper fable 13 lists the high-temperature ash content in the dry coal, and in their corresponding NMP-insoluble and NMP-soluble products. The reduced ash content of the extract is typically between 0.1 to 0.3 wt% using traditional filtration techniques for the small-scaled extraction experiments... 

Having obtained a set of mineral components that satisfactorily reproduces Che data, we have defined Che matrix of Equation 5. Given jC and C, Equation 5 Is Chen used Co solve for For Che alblte cluster with 107 samples and 4 mineral components, F Is 107 X 4 matrix containing the mass fractions of each mineral component In each sample. Because these mass.fractions sum to 1.0 for each sample, assuming we are accounting for all the mineral matter, we solve an overdetermined set of simultaneous equations of Che form... 

Table VII. Quantitative Estimates of Percent Mineral Components in Mineral Matter of Oil Shale Sample ...

The SEM-AIA results contain very detailed information for the composite coal/mineral particles and their component parts (i.e., information on size, phase identification, and associations) which can be presented in a number of ways. Tables can be prepared to show the distribution of the sample as a function of particle size and to show the coal-mineral association in terms of bulk properties or in terms of surface properties. For bulk properties, the distribution of coal and minerals is prepared as a function of the total mineral content of the individual particles which can be related to particle density. For surface properties, coal and mineral data are tabulated as a function of the fraction of particle surface covered by mineral matter which can be used to predict the surface properties of the particles and their behavior during surface-based cleaning. Examples of these distributions are given below. 

The relationships of mineral matter to ash content are discussed. Concentrations of chemical elements are mentioned, and the mineral matter contents of petrographic components are summarized. 

Dr. Skau. Did the electron microscope reveal anything about finely subdivided mineral matter in the otherwise nearly mineral-free coal components ... 

Mr. McCartney. No serious attention was paid to possible mineral matter in these observations. Very black small spots were seen casually in many of the sections, particularly of heterogeneous components. Our general impression is that no evidence was seen of extremely fine mineral matter in homogeneous vitrinite. 

Catechu and gambier have catechu-tannic acid and catechin for their essential components. They may be adulterated with mineral matter (earth, ochre, clay, sand), starch, dextrin, extraneous tanning materials and dried blood. 

There are two types of minerals in coal (1) extraneous mineral matter and (2) inherent mineral matter. Extraneous mineral matter consists of materials such as calcium, magnesium, and ferrous carbonates pyrite marcasite clay shale sand and gypsum. Inherent mineral matter represents the inorganic elements combined with organic components of coal that originated from the plant materials from which the coal was formed. 

Determination of a good value for the percent of mineral matter content (% MM) is a very important component of coal analysis. If this quantity cannot be determined directly by the acid demineralization or low-temperature ashing procedure discussed previously, or by other suitable methods, it is possible to calculate a reasonable value for the mineral matter in coal, provided that the necessary data are available. 

Figure 17.12. Four components found by NMF in an oxisol obtained from a forest site in Western Kenya (J. Lehmann, unpublished data 2006, for site description see Kinyangi et al., 2006). (a) Mineral matter with low contents of organic carbon (b) organic carbon dominated by aliphatic and carboxylic forms (c) organic carbon dominated by aromatic forms (d) organic carbon dominated by carboxylic forms. Arrows in map (b) point to carbon features that share structures characterized by spectrum (b), and the feature at the horizontal arrow also contains aromatic carbon in contrast to the feature at vertical arrow.

Components that cannot gasify, such as mineral components in the fuel, leave the gasifier either as an inert glass-like slag or in a form useful to marketable solid products. A small fraction of the mineral matter is blown out of the gasifier as fly ash and requires removal downstream. 

Sulfur compound VIII, a carboxytrimethylbenzene sulfonic acid, could have come from an aryl disulfide, a thiol or could be derived from the further oxidation of compound IX, a carboxytrimethyldibenzothiophene-1,1-dioxide. This latter possibility is indicated by the lower concentration of compound IX relative to compound VIII in the oxidation products of coals containing mineral matter. Once again the catalytic effect of the mineral component of coal is indicated. 

Cellulose, the most abundant polysaccharide, is the structural component of plant tissues starch is the energy compound stored predominantly in seeds and tubers glycogen is the animal counterpart of starch, but with shorter, more numerous branches. Cellulose and starch cohabit plant tissues with hemicellulose, protoplasm, lipid, and mineral matter in an organization interrupted by intercellular spaces that can amount to more than 50% of the total volume of some fruits and vegetables. A number of useful polysaccharides and their origins are listed in Table I. 

Ajowan seed contains generally 8.9% moisture, 15.4% protein, 18.1% fat (ether extract), 11.9% crude fibre, 38.6% carbohydrates, 7.1% mineral matter, 1.42% calcium, 0.30% phosphorus and 14.6mg/100g iron, with a calorific value of 379.4 per 100g. The percentage of seed oil extracted with n-hex-ane is 31.80%, while that with ethanol is 28%. The neutral lipid component of the oil includes hydrocarbons, esters, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, diglycerides, sterols and monoglycerides, whereas the polar lipid components are phosphatidyl ethanolamines and phosphatidyl cholines (Qasim and Khan, 2001). 

The fusinite sample was hand-picked from a discrete fusain lens located within a Carboniferous coal. Microscopical examination of the sample showed that the recovered material contained fusinite, semi-fusinite and mineral matter as the major components. The concentrate was not demineralized. 

Although mineral matter may provide a catalytic surface for various reactions during the liquefaction of coal, it is also possible that a large number of free radical reactions are initiated by thermolysis of the organic components in coal. Any study of catalytic activity must separate effects caused by the former from those caused by the latter. A sizeable portion of the work described below is devoted to establishing that separation. 

Mineral matter was a Deis ter table concentrate from Robena mine coal. It contained 68% pyrite and less than 4% organic material. The remainder was largely clay. In one case, a handpicked sample taken from a pyrite nodule found in a Pittsburgh seam coal was used. The microcrystals were crushed and sieved to 325 x 400 mesh. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated the only major component was pyrite, with a trace of marcasite also present. After heating in tetralin at 450°C for 15 min., the X-ray diffraction patterns of the recovered microcrystals indicated conversion was complete to pyrrhotite 1C. The coal was hvB, Homestead Mine, Kentucky, ground to pass 200 mesh. Ash and pyrite contents were 16.8% and 4.9%, respectively. The asphaltene was a homogenized mixture of samples isolated from liquid products derived from Pittsburgh seam, hvA coal. Its ash content was <0.1%( ). 

Coal is an inhomogeneous rock, because different types of plant material behave differently under coalification conditions, and mineral matter is not uniformly distributed, either by type or by amount. Microscopic examination reveals this inhomogeneity by showing that different areas of the coal structure have a different appearance. The organic components of coal are classified into six macerals vitrinite, exinite, resinite, semifusinite, micri-nite, and fusinite. The first three of these macerals are reactive (relatively easily hydrogenated or oxidized), and the other three are relatively inert. Most coals are banded,... 

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