Special fields of application

Analytical methods, particularly those used by accredited laboratories, have to be validated according to official rules and regulations to characterize objectively their reliability in any special field of application (Wegscheider [1996] EURACHEM/WELAC [1993]). Validation has to control the performance characteristics of analytical procedures (see Chap. 7) such as accuracy, precision, sensitivity, selectivity, specificity, robustness, ruggedness, and limit values (e.g., limit of detection, limit of quantitation). 

A special field of application of CD to oligoenes is that of some antibiotics, like filipin51 and amphotericin B52. These molecules are characterized by a strong tendency to autoaggregation, which causes the CD spectra to be strongly solvent, temperature and concentration dependent. In fact, in the presence of dimers, the CD is dominated by the appearance of a strong exciton couplet between the polyenic chains of neighbouring molecules. 

A special field of application of these techniques is the determination of molecular conformations in cases where X-ray and neutron techniques are not applicable, in solution or in the liquid phase. It is known that conformers afford essentially the same spectra the intensities of some bands may vary. It is sufficient to investigate some bands in order to determine the conformation, and quantum chemical methods can be applied (Oelichmann et al., 1981a, b, 1982 Grunenberg and Bougeard, 1987). 

Toxaphene has a broad spectrum of pesticidal activity [3]. It was mainly used on cotton, but was also sprayed extensively on soybeans, peanuts, tobacco, vegetables, turf, and many other crops [3,20,26]. The use on 168 agricultural commodities has been reported [20]. One special field of application of toxaphene was during flowering due to its presumed moderate toxicity to bees [20]. The product manufactured in the former German Democratic Republic was most likely called Melipax (Fig. 1) due to this property The name is an acronym of Apis mellifera (zoological name of the honeybee) and pax (Latin for peace) [27],... 

Biocompatibility. In special fields of application (especially for medical purposes), PHAs are superb compared with conventional plastics owing to their biocompatibility. The ideal biocompatibility of PHAs is underUned by the natural occurrence of (/ )-3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) and its low molecular weight oligomers and polymers in human blood and tissue (Agus et al. 2006 Steinbiichel and Hein 2001 Steinbiichel and Liitke-Eversloh 2003 Zinn et al. 2001). Table 1 provides an overview of the PHA-producing genera that have been reported in the literature. 

In this section special fields of application are summarized, among which analysis of biological materials, clinical chemistry, environmental analysis, conformational analysis, and microanalysis predominate (Ikble 5-46, 5-47, 5-48, 5-49, 5-53). The high sensitivity of the derivative technique as well as the possibility of direct investigation of the samples without special preparations and the effective removal of disturbing background are the reasons why HODS is used in these cases. 

Table 5-44. Special fields of application Tlirbid samples. ...

Table 5-50. Special fields of application fermentation, and forensic analysis.

Enhanced environmental sensitivity will favor utilization of a. instead of sulfur dioxide and its salts in special fields of application. 

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