Microscopy fundamentals

Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Fundamentals and Uses on Membrane Fouling Characterization and Opportunities for Online Monitoring... 

S. Amelincks, D. van Dyck, J. van Landuyt, G. van Tendeloo (eds.) Electron Microscopy Principles and Fundamentals,VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim 1997. 2-178 R. M. Anderson, S. D. Walck (eds.) Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials IV, Materials Research Society, Pittsbrrrgh 1997. 

J. Heydenreich, W. Neumann (eds.) Proc. Analytical Transmission electron Microscopy in Materials Science - Fundamentals andTechni-ques, Elbe Druckerei, Wittenberg, 1993. 

Hayes, R.A. and Ralston, J., Application of atomic force microscopy in fundamental adhesion studies. In Mittal, K.L. and Pizzi, A. (Eds.), Adhesion Promotion Techniques — Technological Applications. Dekker, New York, 1999, pp. 121-138. 

It is important to distinguish clearly between the surface area of a decomposing solid [i.e. aggregate external boundaries of both reactant and product(s)] measured by adsorption methods and the effective area of the active reaction interface which, in most systems, is an internal structure. The area of the contact zone is of fundamental significance in kinetic studies since its determination would allow the Arrhenius pre-exponential term to be expressed in dimensions of area"1 (as in catalysis). This parameter is, however, inaccessible to direct measurement. Estimates from microscopy cannot identify all those regions which participate in reaction or ascertain the effective roughness factor of observed interfaces. Preferential dissolution of either reactant or product in a suitable solvent prior to area measurement may result in sintering [286]. The problems of identify-... 

In this chapter, AFM palpation was introduced to verify the entropic elasticity of a single polymer chain and affine deformation hypothesis, both of which are the fundamental subject of mbber physics. The method was also applied to CB-reinforced NR which is one of the most important product from the industrial viewpoint. The current status of arts for the method is still unsophisticated. It would be rather said that we are now in the same stage as the ancients who acquired fire. However, we believe that here is the clue for the conversion of rubber science from theory-guided science into experiment-guided science. AFM is not merely high-resolution microscopy, but a doctor in the twenty-first century who can palpate materials at nanometer scale. 

The contribution of near-field microscopy is not limited to studies on plasmon-based nanomaterials, but may also provide valuable fundamental information on novel functions of various nanomaterials. 

S. Horiuchi, Fundamentals of High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1994. 

The static methods simply imply that they are fundamentally static and are essentially observational in character. An extremely popular method to metallurgists, microscopy, may be cited as one of the leading examples of static methods. 

Polymer degradation, which reflects changes in the properties of polymers due to chemical processes that occur as a function of a complex set of environmental conditions, is a challenging topic of great fundamental and technological importance. Historically, materials were used long before their properties were fully understood. In recent years, analytical tools such as microscopy, imaging, and computational techniques have made possible the determination of structural and functional details of materials, some of which are hard to obtain by other methods. 

Wolf, D. E. (2007). Fundamentals of fluorescence and fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol. 63-91. 

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