Transmission electron microscopy fundamentals

S. Amelincks, D. van Dyck, J. van Landuyt, G. van Tendeloo (eds.) Electron Microscopy Principles and Fundamentals,VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim 1997. 2-178 R. M. Anderson, S. D. Walck (eds.) Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials IV, Materials Research Society, Pittsbrrrgh 1997. 

J. Heydenreich, W. Neumann (eds.) Proc. Analytical Transmission electron Microscopy in Materials Science - Fundamentals andTechni-ques, Elbe Druckerei, Wittenberg, 1993. 

S. Horiuchi, Fundamentals of High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1994. 

The oxidation of carbon can also be catalyzed. Two fundamentally different cases should be discriminated. Transition metal oxides and carbides were found to be efficient local sources of atomic oxygen increasing its abundance much above the uncatalyzed case. Streams of diffusing oxygen atoms created decorated pathways of nonselective oxidation of basal plane sites as detected by transmission electron microscopy [117, 118]. 

The size and shape of dendrimers have been estimated using transmission electron microscopy [14]. Producing better images of dendrimers may supply answers to fundamental questions such as whether dendrimers have truly uniform sizes, spherical shapes, and dense cores. The visualization of dendrimer assemblies would also be helpful to confirm the structure and morphology for many applications of dendrimers. The positively stained PAMAM dendrimers are shown in Fig. 2 for G10 to G5, respectively. The dendrimer molecules appear as dark objects on a light background of the amorphous carbon substrate and they are well separated from each other. The shapes of the stained molecules are spherical to a first approximation for G10 to G7, with some molecules showing... 

The choice of a particular technique is limited by factors such as availability, feasibility, and the nature of the information sought. Pharmaceutical scientists are more focused on the usefulness of a particular ME system for a drug delivery application and the influence of the microstructure on that, rather than on the fundamental understanding of aspects such as microstructure and phase behavior. Polarized light microscopy is a readily available technique that could be used at the early formulation development stage to differentiate between isotropic and anisotropic systems. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is another available technique that has been shown to provide microstructural as well as size-related information on droplet and bicontinuous ME systems. 

Heidenreich, Robert D. (1964). Fundamentals of Transmission Electron Microscopy. New York Wiley. 

Reif F (1965). Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics, McGraw-Hill, New York. Reimer L (1993). Transmission Electron Microscopy Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 

Due to the fundamental importance of the adsorbed protein film, many methods have been used to characterize its nature. These methods include ellipsometry (3,A), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) (5,6), multiple attenuated internal reflection spectroscopy (MAIR) (7,8) immunological labeling techniques (9), radioisotope labeled binding studies (j ), calorimetric adsorption studies (jj ), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CDS) (12), electrophoresis (j ), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) (1 ), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (15,16,9), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (17-19). 

For the comprehension of mechanisms involved in the appearance of novel properties in polymer-emhedded metal nanostructures, their characterization represents the fundamental starting point. The microstructural characterization of nanohllers and nanocomposite materials is performed mainly by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), large-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and optical spectroscopy (UV-Vis). These three techniques are very effective in determining particle morphology, crystal structure, composition, and particle size. 

Environmental cell transmission electron microscopy (ETEM), whereby catalysts are viewed real-time under a gaseous environment at reaction temperature, continues to be of fundamental interest to the catalysis community because it offers the possibility of examining... 

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