Microcosm

Spreadsheet Applications. The types of appHcations handled with spreadsheets are a microcosm of the types of problems and situations handled with fuU-blown appHcation programs that are mn on microcomputers, minis, and mainframes and include engineering computations, process simulation, equipment design and rating, process optimization, reactor kinetics—design, cost estimation, feedback control, data analysis, and unsteady-state simulation (eg, batch distillation optimization). 

A chronological examination of the steroid literature regarding the conversion of pregnanes to androstanes, androstanes to pregnanes, and the side-chain polyoxygenation of pregnanes reveals, in microcosm, the history of the development of steroid chemistry over the past three decades. 

Like any other effective test, your company s PSM pilot should be neither too difficult nor too easy. A "successful" pilot test is one that (1) thoroughly exercises the PSM system you have developed so that you can identify its strengths and weaknesses, and (2) is sufficiently well-designed and -executed that it can act as a model for full-scale implementation. For example, testing a management of change system in a way that ranks changes would be appropriate. In short, consider the pilot test as a microcosm—and treat it with the same attention you would devote to a companywide installation. 

Health-related institutions again show the future trend in a microcosm. Suitable incineration facilities may determine the ability of such institutions to function effectively in an urban environment. When adequate processes for solid waste and air pollution control by incineration are developed, the use of combustible, one-way trip disposables for all incoming materials can be expected to accelerate. This will result in a decrease in the need for a direct fuel supply. 

Cu Acute toxicity on biofilms EC50 ( C) 20-50 (spring) 100-350 (summer) EC50 (Y) 230 (low P) 718 (highP) EC50 (Fo) 56-92 (low P) 196-206 (high P) Field samples Ter river" Fluvial microcosms Field samples"... 

Chronic effects on biofilms EC50 6-25 indirect effects EC50 50-2500 direct effects Changed algal species >50 Fluvial microcosms (low P) " Experimental stream ... 

Chronic effects on biofilms 10 effects on settlement 100 biomass, change spp. Fluvial microcosms (high P)" °... 

Holm HW, Kollig HP, Pa5me WR Jr, et al. 1983. Fate of methyl parathion in aquatic channel microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2 169-176. 

Endosulfan in aqueous solutions is also expected to undergo biodegradation. In laboratory tests at pH 7 and 20 , Pseudomonas bacteria degraded endosulfan (isomers not specified) under aerobic conditions with a half-life of about 1 week (Greve and Wit 1971). Biotic and abiotic transformations of endosulfan in seawater/sediment microcosms have been reported (Gotham and Bidleman 1989). In biotic tests, half-lives for the a- and P-isomers in seawater-only microcosms (pH 8) were about 5 and 2 days, respectively. In seawater-only microcosms under sterile conditions at a pH of 8 or higher, the half-life for the a-isomer was 2-3 days, whereas the half-life for the p-isomer was 1-2 days. Half-lives were longer in seawater/sediment microcosms, possibly because of the lower pHs (7.3-7.7) in these test systems half-lives were 22 and 8.3 days for the a- and P-isomers, respectively. Endosulfan diol was the main metabolite identified. 

Cotham WE Ir, Bidleman TE. 1989. Degradation of malathion, endosulfan, and fenvalerate in seawater and seawater/sediment in microcosms. 1 Agric Food Chem 37 824-828. 

In the quest for better methods of establishing the environmental safety (or otherwise) of chemicals, interest has grown in the use of microcosms and meso-cosms—artificial systems in which the effects of chemicals on populations and communities can be tested in a controlled way, with replication of treatments. Mesocosms have been defined as bounded and partially enclosed outdoor units that closely resemble the natural environment, especially the aquatic environment (Crossland 1994). Microcosms are smaller and less complex multispecies systems. They are less comparable with the real world than are mesocosms. Experimental ponds and model streams are examples of mesocosms (for examples, see Caquet et al. 2000, Giddings et al. 2001, and Solomon et al. 2001). The effects of chemicals at the levels of population and community can be tested in mesocosms, although the extent to which such effects can be related to events in the natural environment is questionable. Although mesocosms have been developed by both industrial... 

An approach that has gained attention recently is the use of model ecosystems microcosms, mesocosms, and macrocosms for testing chemicals (Chapter 4,... 

Microcosm, mesocosm, and macrocosm Small, medium, or large multispecies system in which effects of chemicals can be studied. 

Hayes, T. (2005). Comment on. Gonadal development of larval male Xenopus laevis exposed to atrazine in outdoor microcosms. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 7757-7758. 

In a manner comparable to Christian eschatology, alchemical literature insisted on its own purificatory rituals that involved the preliminary torture, death and dismemberment of the prima materia. The canonical Catholic depiction of Christ s sacrificed body was a primary source for sixteenth and seventeenth century illustrations of the tortured body in anatomical and alchemical publications. In eflfect, the practice of Paracelsian alchemical medicine and surgery had a sacramental connotation, since the physician acted on the human body in the same manner as God worked on the great universal Macrocosmic Body. In like manner, the Paracelsian physician introduced the universal panacea, a liquid form of the philosopher s stone, into the alchemical alembic that was the Microcosmic human body. This alchemical medicine was permeated with the starry virtues of the heavens and the grace of Christ s Spirit, redeeming the body and soul of the patient by granting him not only an extended life on earth, but even eternal salvation. 

Robert Fludd, Anatomiae Amphitheatrum Effi e Tripliei (Frankfurt Johann Theodore de Bry, 1623). This is Part 3 of the Microcosm, U. C. H., 2. 

Coming." At this time eschatological discourse was co-opted into the service of the esoteric sciences, most especially into alchemical theory in the twelfth century Latin translation of the Turba philosophorum (Arabic original ca. 900 AD). Christian interpolations were added to this text referring to the death and resurrection of the chemicals in apocalyptic terms." The process of distillation in Christian alchemy symbolised death and resurrection, as well as the union of Macrocosm and Microcosm. To the alchemists the death and resurrection of the stone in the manner of a human being was the clearest indication that alchemy was a divine, not a human science. 

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